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Integrated Solid Waste Management for Local Governments
A Practical Guide
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eBook - ePub
Integrated Solid Waste Management for Local Governments
A Practical Guide
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About This Book
Improving solid waste management is crucial for countering public health impacts of uncollected waste and environmental impacts of open dumping and burning. This practical reference guide introduces key concepts of integrated solid waste management and identifies crosscutting issues in the sector, derived mainly from field experience in the technical assistance project Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia. This guide contains over 40 practice briefs covering solid waste management planning, waste categories, waste containers and collection, waste processing and diversion, landfill development, landfill operations, and contract issues.
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LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT
Siting Guidelines
Background
There are many guidelines available for selecting a landfill site. However, many contain criteria which are very onerous and restrictive, and are more appropriate for very large cities in a developed country context. In fact, such guidelines would rule out many acceptable sites.
The proposed criteria have been developed in conjunction with many international landfill design criteria as base documents. These provide some generic background and also local specifics.
The following criteria are pragmatic but will still provide adequate socioenvironmental protection with a suitable landfill design and standard of operation.
Interventions
Basic Site Selection Criteria
The following criteria are the basic issues that need to be addressed when siting a landfill:
(i)The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use and development plan of the municipality.
(ii)The site should be large enough to accommodate the communityās wastes for a long period.
(iii)The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares, with strong pavements for trucks.
(iv)The site should have an adequate quantity of suitable earth cover material that is easily handled and compacted.
(v)The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the communityās residents.
(vi)The site must be located in an area where the landfillās operation will not detrimentally affect environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir, watershed area, ecologically sensitive area, etc.
(vii)The site should be distant from airport landing and takeoff paths.
(viii)The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary constraints, including site development, operation for many years, closure, postclosure care, and possible remediation costs.
Detailed Site Selection Criteria
In addition to such general requirements, the following criteria should be followed:
(i)The site should be large enough to accommodate the communityās wastes for a minimum period of 20 years, including allowance for areas such as buffer areas, recycling, equipment sheds, cover material stockpiles, buildings, internal access roads, compost processing area, etc.
(ii)Preferably, a site accessible within 30 minutes of travel time from the central business district is sought. At travel distances greater than 30 minutes, for collection operations to be economic, investment in either large capacity collection vehicles (5 tons per load or greater) or transfer stations with large capacity vehicles (20 tons or greater) is necessary. If transfer stations are required, the landfill should be accessible within 2 hours of travel time (one-way) by transfer trucks from the transfer station.
(iii)The site should be accessible from a competent paved public road which has an adequate width, slope, visibility, and construction to accommodate the projected truck traffic. To minimize landfill development costs, the requirement for new access road construction generally should be less than 10 kilometers (km) for large landfills serving metropolitan areas and less than 3 km for small landfills serving secondary cities.
There should be no residential development within 250 meters from the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development
(iv)The site should have a gently sloped topography, amenable to development of a landfill by the ramp method. Steeper slopes are acceptable, provided that the landfill design can accommodate these slopes and still yield a suitable site life. Flat sites mean leachate management can be difficult.
(v)Groundwaterās seasonal high level should be at least 1.5 meters (m) below the proposed base of any cell excavation. An absolute minimum clearance of 1 m of relatively impermeable soils above the groundwaterās seasonal high level should exist (preferably less than 10-9 m per second permeability when undisturbed). If these criteria are not met, use of impermeable clay and/or plastic liners may be required to protect groundwater quality.
(vi)Availability on-site of suitable soil cover material to meet the needs for daily, intermediate, and final cover, as well as bund construction must be ensured. The best soils are clayey silts which provide good cover in both wet and dry weather periods. Too little clay increases permeability so that water can enter the waste mound. Too much clay can result in trafficability issues in wet weather and cracking in dry periods. For purposes of siting, at least 10% of the final landfill volume should be assumed to be cover material. Well-run landfills are closer to 25% cover material content, but 10% is the bare minimum allowed.
(vii)There are no private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock water supply wells within 500 m down-gradient of the landfill boundaries, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available. (Three bores as a minimum can show direction of groundwater flow if not evident on the surface.)
(viii)No environmentally significant wetlands of important biodiversity or reproductive value are present within the potential area of the landfill cell development. No known environmentally rare or endangered species breeding areas or protected living areas are present within the site boundaries.
(ix)No significant environmentally sensitive areas are within 500 m of the landfill cell development area.
(x)Preferably, prevailing winds do not blow toward habituated areas from the landfill.
(xi)No major electrical transmission lines or other infrastructure (i.e., gas, sewer, telecoms, or water lines) are crossing the landfill cell development area.
(xii)There are no underlying underground mines which could be adversely affected by surface activities of landfilling.
(xiii)No residential development within 250 m from the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development.
(xiv)There is no perennial stream within 200 m down-gradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless diversion is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from potential contamination.
(xv)No significant seismic risk exists within the region of the landfill which could cause destruction of berms, drains, or other civil works, or require unnecessarily costly engineering measures.
(xvi)No fault lines or significantly fractured geologic structure are present within 500 m of the perimeter of the proposed landfill.
(xvii)The site must not be within 3 km of a turbojet airport and 1.5 km of a piston-type airport.
(xviii)The site must not be within a floodplain subject to 10-year floods.
(xix)No major valley features are present on the site which cannot be readily diverted to prevent stormwater external to the site entering the waste mound.
(xx)Siting should be avoided within 1 km of sociopolitically sensitive sites where public acceptance might be unlikely (i.e., memorial sites, churches, mosques, or schools) and access roads that would pass by such culturally sensitive sites.
Community Engagement
The technical and engineering aspects of landfill siting are relatively straightforward. However, the assessment of potential landfill sites will need to consider the concerns of the host community. This will allow information sharing and early identification of issues of interest that can be considered in the site screening process.
Once initial meetings with the local community have been undertaken and the landfill development has been discussed and supported, a program of community participation should be continued for subsequent phases of the project. Effective engagement practices help identify potential issues, impacts, opportunities, options, and solutions for improvement and facilitate more efficient decision making. This may be part of an environmental impact study or assessment and social impact assessment, especially for larger proposed facilities. The benefits of planned and well implemented engagement include:
ā¢ enabling the community to be better informed and encouraging local pride and active citizenship;
ā¢ reducing the amount of misunderstanding and misinformation with clear communication and very early engagement of the community;
ā¢ enabling all groups to have a better understanding of community and local needs;
ā¢ enabling greater commitment to and ownership of decision making by the community;
ā¢ building mutual understanding and ownership of problems and solutions;
ā¢ supporting more efficient and effective decisions, as actual community needs can be identified and community knowledge used throughout the business phases;
ā¢ supporting behavioral and attitudinal change in all groups; and
ā¢ enabling industry to be a good neighbor by building trust and confidence through its openness and transparency and by listening and responding to community needs.
Summary
There are numerous international guidelines for siting landfills. Many are too restrictive and would rule out suitable sites for a small or midsize city in the developing context. The guidelines presented here are pragmatic and generally suitable for siting a small to midsize facility. For very large facilities, more detailed assessments are essential.1
Geotechnical Assessments
Background
(iv)For each of the three main pits:
ā¢ Log and classify the soil types encountered and the strata depth according to the Unified Soil Classification system, including usual parameters such as color and stiffness.
ā¢ Pay particular attention to identifying the presence, type, depth, and thickness of any impermeable layers, such as clay or clayey bands.
ā¢ Note features such as the presence of tree roots or other structure that may alter the gross permeability of the soil strata.
ā¢ Determine the standing water level in each of these three main pits, if standing water is encountered. If the water level is slow in stabilizing, the pit should be left open until a stable water level can be determined.
ā¢ Undertake the usual field tests to confirm the soil classifications, such as stiffness.
(v)For the remaining six pits:
ā¢ Measure the depth from the surface to the top of any impermeable layers, such as clay or clayey bands, or any permeable layers such as sand or gravel.
ā¢ Measure the thickness of the soil band(s).
ā¢ There is no need for formal soil logging or sampling required in these six supplementary pits. They are just to identify any clay or highly permeable layers.
(vi)Backfill pits immediately upon completion of the site work. Also, compact and level them back to sensibly meet with the natural surface profile. The only reason for keeping a pit open would be while waiting for the water level in the pit to stabilize.
(vii)Drill one hole to a depth of at least 10 m at the center of the site:
ā¢ Using a suitable drill rig, drill to a depth of at least 10 m or until the groundwater is reached.
A geotechnical study is required for any controlled landfill if it is to be a large permanent facility.
The scope of works specified is to adequately define the geotechnical conditions to allow the landfill desi...