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Improvised Songs and Stories in Music Therapy Diagnostic Assessments at a Unit for Child and Family Psychiatry
A Music Therapistâs and a Psychotherapistâs Perspective
Amelia Oldfield and Christine Franke
This chapter presents an opportunity to reflect on both the musical and the verbal content of the improvised songs and stories that are used as part of the music therapy diagnostic assessments at the Croft Unit for Child and Family Psychiatry. The verbal content of the songs and stories the children told in therapy are fascinating to the authors and presents challenges to the potential interpretation and use of this material. The music therapist also wanted to explore how the verbalizations related to and were influenced by the music-making.
As part of her doctoral research into how children on the Autistic Spectrum express, process and regulate emotions, the psychotherapist, Christine Franke, had observed a number of videos of Amelia Oldfield and Emma Daviesâ music therapy sessions at the Croft Unit. The text of the childrenâs stories had been transcribed by the psychotherapist and she also documented her clinical observations. Through their discussions, the music therapist frequently gained new insights into the possible meanings of the verbal content from the psychotherapistâs more psychodynamic interpretations. The authors therefore decided to write this chapter together, drawing material from videos of music therapy sessions which the psychotherapist had observed and analysed. Songs and stories from five children Amelia Oldfield assessed and two children Emma Davies assessed are included in this account.
In this chapter, the procedures used by the music therapists to facilitate the creation of these improvised songs with individual children will be described in detail. The role of the music, the words and the non-verbal communication will be explored in depth. The ways in which the improvised songs enable both the music therapists and the psychotherapist to gain a better understanding of the childâs emotional world, ways of thinking and general strengths and difficulties will be explained. These new insights often influence the team diagnosis given to the child during admission to the unit.
Throughout the chapter, childrenâs improvised songs and stories are referred to and analysed. To preserve confidentiality, the names of the children and some of the verbal content of the stories have been changed.
This chapter will introduce readers to the use of improvised songs and stories as part of a diagnostic process. Although some children respond more to one aspect of these improvisations than others, each childâs creation is unique, and the stories are one-off events rather than on-going processes that evolve over time. For this reason it has not been possible to categorize the information in this chapter in table form. Instead we have used headings to try to show that various aspects of the improvised songs or stories will provide the most interesting diagnostic information for individual children.
The Croft Unit for Child and Family Psychiatry
The Croft Unit is a psychiatric assessment centre for children up to the age of 13 and their families. There are usually no more than eight children attending at the Croft at any one time, with a wide range of disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder, Tourette Syndrome or eating disorders. Some families are admitted residentially, or on a daily basis, ranging from four weeks to three to four months. During the day the children attend the unit school in the morning. In the afternoon they attend various groups, such as social skills, art and recreation groups which are run by the unitâs staff.
Staff on the unit include: psychiatrists, a family therapist, specialist nurses, a teacher, classroom assistants, health care assistants, clinical psychologists and music therapists. Social workers, health visitors and the teachers involved with the children outside the unit work closely with staff on the unit.
The strengths and difficulties of the children and the families admitted to the Croft are evaluated in different ways. The clinical psychologist carries out a number of psychological tests such as the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin 1995) as well as other cognitive or developmental tests on the children such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Wechsler 1992). Sometimes special questionnaires are devised by the clinical psychologist for different members of staff on the unit to complete, particularly when the team are trying to observe and understand childrenâs or familiesâ difficulties which occur in unpredictable and erratic ways. Specially trained staff carry out the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) (Lord et al. 1989 and Dilavore, Rutter and Lord 1995).
The first author has been working as a music therapist at the Croft Unit for Child and Family Psychiatry for 17 years. Initially, the unit admitted children and families for up to 18 months but in the past ten years the work on the unit has focused more clearly on assessments and short-term treatment. Children and families are now routinely admitted for four-week assessments and may then be treated for up to three months with the occasional child or family staying on for six months. As a result of this shift in focus, the music therapist developed some specific Music Therapy Diagnostic Assessments (MTDAs) which assist the team in determining the childrenâs strengths and difficulties.
During the past five years Oldfield set up a PhD research investigation comparing the MTDAs with the ADOS (Oldfield 2004). The study indicated that the MTDAs were serving a useful and distinct purpose in helping the psychiatric team to diagnose children. The MTDAs are now routinely used by both music therapists working at the Croft, and have now become an established part of the diagnostic process at the Croft.
The Music Therapy Diagnostic Assessments
The MTDAs consist of two half-hour sessions, which usually occur at the same time and on the same day of the week over two consecutive weeks. A time will be arranged for two music therapy assessment sessions and the child will be informed about the sessions in a morning meeting when the childâs timetable for that day is explained. The music therapist will introduce herself to the child when she goes to collect him or her and they may âchatâ informally as they walk to the music therapy room.
The purpose of the music therapy diagnostic assessments
The overall purpose of these assessments is to use a different medium (music-making) to help the team in assessing childrenâs strengths and difficulties. The questions the Croft team is seeking to answer will vary tremendously depending on each child and it is therefore difficult to outline the general purpose of the assessments. However, experience and research (Oldfield 2004) have shown that music therapy diagnostic assessments are particularly effective at evaluating childrenâs non-verbal communication skills. Further, the music-making often produces heightened states of arousal in the children which enable the therapist to evaluate how they operate when they are very involved and engaged. Because of this heightened state of arousal childrenâs tics or repetitive ritualistic behaviours are often more frequent in music therapy diagnostic assessments. The music therapist can then observe and try to understand these behaviours in the children.
Music-making often allows the therapist to observe emotional responses or the lack of emotional responses in the children, in ways that may be different from the childrenâs reactions in other non-musical settings. The verbal content of the songs and stories can give insight into new aspects of the childrenâs inner world and also into how children regulate and deal with their emotions.
The music therapist feeds back her findings to the team in weekly management meetings. As there is not enough time to report back on all the strengths and difficulties she will have observed in a child arising from the MTDA, the music therapist will select those pieces of information which seem to shed a new or different light on the childâs abilities and difficulties. It is this new view of the child which is often of interest to the team. Occasionally, the music therapistâs observations will confirm what the rest of the team are saying, in which case the music therapist will give a few examples of events which support the opinion of her colleagues.
The room/equipment
The room is equipped with a piano, an electric organ, several guitars, and a wide range of simple percussion and wind instruments. There are also two small violins and the music therapist uses her own clarinet. All the instruments are laid out on shelves or stand near the wall and are accessible to the children.
Two small chairs (child size) stand facing one another a little distance from the instruments. Two bigger chairs are in front of the piano. The floor is carpeted and there are a few pictures on the wall: drawings and collages obviously done by children. There is no other furniture except some more stacked up childrenâs chairs. The room is friendly and spacious but has few distractions. The open shelves covered with instruments invite the child to take an interest in music-making. But there is also a sense of tidiness and organization conveyed by the carefully set out chairs.
Structure of the session
The following is a description of the format which is normally used. However, there will always be exceptions and the music therapist tries to be flexible to meet the needs of each child so that she can create the optimum situation and setting to evaluate a childâs strengths and weaknesses.
First, the child is invited to sit down on a chair facing the music therapist. The music therapist says something like âhereâs a chair for you and Iâll sit hereâ, usually gesturing as she speaks. The session then begins with a âhello songâ that the music therapist sings to the child incorporating the childâs name and accompanying herself by playing chords on the guitar. The session ends with a percussion duet on the bongo drums where the music therapist sings âgood byeâ and makes a clear ending. At some point, either at the beginning or at the end of the session (or as the music therapist and the child are walking to or from the music therapy room), the music therapist explains that they will be having two individual sessions together and reminds the child of the time of the session the following week.
In between the âhelloâ and the âgood byeâ, the music therapist explains that they will take turns to choose what to do together. This structure gives the children the freedom to choose and make their own decisions but also allows the therapist to ensure she can implement the tasks she has prepared. If the process of choosing is too difficult or painful, the child can relax at the times when the music therapist provides him or her with her own choices and perhaps a reassuring structure. From the point of view of assessing the childâs strengths and weaknesses, the music therapist can find out a great deal from the ways in which the child chooses instruments and activities in music therapy sessions.
As one of âherâ choices the music therapist chooses improvised songs/stories. These will now be examined in more depth.
Improvised stories and songs
As with most aspects of Oldfieldâs music therapy work, the method of facilitating the creation of improvised stories and songs evolved through her music therapy practice, where every childâs song or story in some way informed and influenced the way she implemented the method with subsequent children. Gradually, a system and some theoretical ideas have evolved, but these ideas will continue to change and grow as the work continues. This is why the authors have chosen to describe the work and case studies first and reflect on the evolving methodology later in this chapter.
Case example: Allanâs story
Allan is aged 12 and has a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. He was admitted because he was having violent outbursts, had been excluded from school and was struggling at home, often being aggressive towards his mother. He had engaged freely in the musical dialogues with the music therapist (Amelia Oldfield) in the session before the story was suggested. As soon as the therapist sings âonce upon a time there was aâŠâ he starts playing and singing freely. His singing style matches the diatonic notes he plays on the bass xylophone and fits in with the therapistâs melodic line. He sings about a troll called âAlbertâ and a Mummy troll. Albert brought some goggles and they went swimming. At this point the therapist says: ââŠand suddenly they saw a crocodileâŠwhat happened?â Allan continues playing but doesnât sing or say anything⊠The therapist encourages a response by playing unresolved cadences and questioning phrases. Suddenly Allan starts chanting an unconnected ârapâ: âHey, baby, yea, Iâm playing today, one two three, Iâm playing todayâŠâ The therapist now verbally says: ââŠbut what happened to the trolls in the story when the crocodile came?â âŠexasperated, Allan says: âThe crocodile explodedâŠand that was the end of the story.â
The music therapist was impressed with Allanâs creativity and by his ability to listen to her musical ideas as well as initiate his own ideas. She found herself enjoying making music with Allan and felt that he was communicative through his playing. However, he was not willing to incorporate her verbal suggestions into the story. The psychotherapist pointed out that he might also have suddenly ended the story because he wanted to avoid thinking about conflicts and be unwilling to explore violence in a story. For the Croft team it was important to find out that Allan could be more communicative in a reciprocal way when he was using a non-verbal form of exchange than when he was talking. This observation contributed towards the Croft suggested diagnosis that he was on the milder end of the autistic spectrum. It was also useful to find out that he was purposefully shying away from talking about violence or aggression, indicating that he was in some way aware of these difficulties in his life, but unwilling to talk or think about them at the moment.
General description
During one of the music therapistâs choices she places a number of large instruments such as the drum, the metallophone and the wind chimes in front of the chil...