Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering

Guang Yang, Lin Xiao, Lallepak Lamboni, Guang Yang, Lin Xiao, Lallepak Lamboni

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781119390329
• eBook ISBN: 9781119390343
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Tecnología e ingeniería
• Subtopic: Ingeniería química y bioquímica

An authoritative introduction to the science and engineering of bioinspired materials

Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering offers a comprehensive view of the science and engineering of bioinspired materials and includes a discussion of biofabrication approaches and applications of bioinspired materials as they are fed back to nature in the guise of biomaterials. The authors also review some biological compounds and shows how they can be useful in the engineering of bioinspired materials.

With contributions from noted experts in the field, this comprehensive resource considers biofabrication, biomacromolecules, and biomaterials. The authors illustrate the bioinspiration process from materials design and conception to application of bioinspired materials. In addition, the text presents the multidisciplinary aspect of the concept, and contains a typical example of how knowledge is acquired from nature, and how in turn this information contributes to biological sciences, with an accent on biomedical applications. This important resource:

• Offers an introduction to the science and engineering principles for the development of bioinspired materials
• Includes a summary of recent developments on biotemplated formation of inorganic materials using natural templates
• Illustrates the fabrication of 3D-tumor invasion models and their potential application in drug assessments
• Explores electroactive hydrogels based on natural polymers
• Contains information on turning mechanical properties of protein hydrogels for biomedical applications

Written for chemists, biologists, physicists, and engineers, Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering contains an indispensible resource for an understanding of bioinspired materials science and engineering.

Part I
Biofabrication

1
Biotemplating Principles

Cordt Zollfrank* and Daniel Van Opdenbosch

Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

1.1 Introduction

Materials science has several frontiers such as the quest for bottom‐up manufacturing in ever greater detail, alloying metals for improved mechanical or electrical properties, doping semiconductors for improved energy efficiency, nanoparticle synthesis for imaging and sensing applications or creating optical computing devices with improved information density and processing speeds. In human technology, this usually involves changing the material structure on a limited number of hierarchical levels, for example, by changing the chemical composition and grain structure. However, as we will explore in this chapter, this is not the only possible strategy to create functionalities.

Also, an observable trend has emerged, toward materials whose properties are prefixed “self‐”: Self‐healing, self‐cleaning or self‐assembly are desirable properties in materials covering a wide range of intended applications [1–5]. They share a common property: Passivity, i.e. an action that does not require much or any external stimulus or energy input. We are moving toward integrated passive systems, such as passive houses, cooling systems, sensors, etc. They all have the same underlying motivation: costs of fossil fuel will rise, owing to increased demand, slowly depleting deposits, and the self‐imposed restraint due to the consequences of man‐made climate change. Further, after two actual, grave and several near‐accidents, nuclear energy should be – and has been ‐re‐assessed as highly risky [6, 7] and, due to mankind’s failure to provide a working concept for the recycling or even storage of spent fuel, as unsustainable. Even accounting for a greater proportion of our energy needs being generated directly from primary sources such as solar radiation or wind, the cost of energy may rise by 32%, and the importance of energy efficiency with it [8]. Rising energy costs along with Earth’s increasing human population will necessitate both the abandonment of our most energy‐inefficient habits, and developing more energy‐efficient product lifecycles to reach sustainability.

It is therefore sensible to look at manufacturing principles used in living nature where energy efficiency is vital. Before the rise of purely synthetic materials due to the abundance of energy from fossil fuels, the largest volume of materials employed by mankind were biologically manufactured and then refined [9–11] to make the final products: Cordage, horn, leather, wood, (cetacean and plant) oil, and wool have since been replaced by various types of duromers, elastomers, thermoplasts, and many other mineral oil‐based products. Previously, materials that could not be directly sourced had to be obtained in the most energy‐efficient manner possible. Open pit and hydraulic mining, forest glass manufacturing, or bloomery smelting relied on the on‐site winning of raw materials and energy [12]. In light of a potential future energy scarcity, it may be the right time to return to such processing techniques and materials structures that emphasize energy efficiency, both in manufacturing and application. This is the underlying thought of the concept of retaining the intricate structuring of natural materials in engineering materials instead of restructuring additively or subtractively. It has been explored in the past, but experienced recent advances. This concept is called biotemplating.

Biotemplating is a set of techniques that take the refining of biologically manufactured materials one step further by entirely replacing the biological structure with a functional engineering material. In manufacturing terms, it is a casting technique using a lost mold, see Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Scheme of the deposition of inorganic phases (red) in a biological material (black, adaptation of the wood structure) on several levels of hierarchy. The shown levels of hierarchy may themselves contain sublevels. For example, in the actual wood structure, the nm scale contains the hierarchical levels of the cellulose micro‐ and elementary fibrils.

However, man‐made casting molds are subject to manufacturing limitations in the first place, with attainable minimal sizes being on the n∙100 nm scale [13]. Therefore, they do not attain the same degree of three‐dimensional hierarchical complexity as natural templates. Biological structures, on the other hand, are created by molecule‐assisted low‐energy bottom‐up assembly, resulting in complexly structured organic phases, often in composite with inorganic phases [14]. Another aspect of natural materials is their multifunctionality. Arthropod cuticle “produced by a single layer of epithelial cells, is called upon to provide a large number of functions, such as shape, structure, hinges, barrier, filter and similar functions” [15]. Another example is wood, which provides mechanical support, fluid transport [16] and even actuation [17–19]. Straddling the borders of biotemplating is the use of structures made from shaped biological materials, such as corrugated fiberboards [20, 21] or preceramic papers [22].

As further detailed in this chapter, the biotemplating approach has already...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Introduction to Science and Engineering Principles for the Development of Bioinspired Materials
• Part I: Biofabrication
• Part II: Biomacromolecules
• Part III: Biomaterials
• Index
• End User License Agreement