The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789-1920

Raymond Pearson

• Editorial: Routledge
• Año: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781317897767
• Edición: 1
• Categoría: Storia
• Categoría: Storia europea

A highly topical analysis of European Nationalism from the French Revolution through to the aftermath of the First World War, when the nationalist issues and problems that dominate the political landscape of our own time were already fully established. Covering an enormous range of peoples -- from the Icelanders to the Gypsies, from Brittany to Wallachia -- the book presents a wealth of historical geopolitical information unavailable elsewhere. Essential as a reference work, it also provides a unique opportunity to survey systematically a crucial but fragmented subject in its full European context. For historians, political scientists, departments of European studies, and general readers.

SECTION IV

National chronologies

1. The Albanians

Pre-1798
‘Albania’ a tributary province of the Ottoman Empire

1798–1822
Effective autonomy of ‘Albania’ under Ali Pasha of Janina

1809
‘Albania’ impresses the visiting Lord Byron

1878
Assembly at Prizren raises banner of Albanian nation and statehood

1897
Nov. Italian-Austrian agreement over Albania

1903
Death in Italian exile of Girolomo da Rada, ‘the Albanian Mazzini’

1908+
Nationalist uprising in ‘Albania’

1912
Nov. Ottoman government, under Young Turk pressure, concedes independence to Albania

1913
May London Ambassadorial Conference, ending First Balkan War, agrees on creation of Albania
Aug. Treaty of Bucharest, ending Second Balkan War, establishes independent Muslim principality of Albania
Oct. Austria-Hungary sends Serbia ultimatum over Albania
Dec. The Great Powers approve the accession of Prince William of Wied to the throne of independent Albania

1914
Dec. Italy occupies Valona in Albania

1916
Feb. Austro-Hungarian southern offensive conquers all Serbia, Montenegro and Albania north of Valona

1917
Jun. Albania proclaimed independent under Italian protection

1918
Jul. Allies break through in Albania

Oct. Allies expel Central forces from Serbia and Albania

1921
Nov. Independence of Albania recognised by Greece, Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after a long territorial wrangle

2. The Armenians

1827
Russian Empire seizes Erivan from Persia

1828
Feb. Peace of Turkmenchai: Russian Empire acquires most of ‘Greater Armenia’ from Ottoman Empire

1829
Sep. Treaty of Adrianople: Russian acquisitions south of the Caucasus (Armenia and Georgia) formally recognised by Ottoman Empire

1894
Aug. Armenian nationalist rising bloodily suppressed by Ottoman irregular troops: estimates of casualties in the ‘Armenian Massacres’ range from 20,000 (Ottoman) to 200,000 (Armenian)

1895
Apr. Great Power protests, backed by the arrival of a British fleet, induce Ottoman Empire to promise reform. Britain publicly reconsiders its traditional support for the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire

1896
Armenian nationalists seize Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, prompting three days of slaughter of Armenians. Massacres halted by Great Power intercession but anti-Armenian incidents continue

1896+
Armenian nationalists despair of Great Power patronage, abandon provocation strategy in favour of a wait-and-see policy

1914
In First World War, Armenians find themselves in war zone between Russian and Ottoman Empires on the Caucasian front

1915
Apr.+ ‘Armenian Genocide’: Armenians in Ottoman Empire experience up to 1.5 million deaths. According to the Ottomans, a relocation and resettlement exercise that went wrong. According to the Armenians, a deliberate massacre on a scale amounting to an ‘Armenian Holocaust’ designed to obliterate the Ottoman ‘Armenian Question’. Often cited as the first twentieth-century example of attempted genocide

1917
Mar. On fall of tsarism, ‘Russian Armenia’ joins Georgia and Azerbaidzhan to form independent Transcaucasian Federative Republic
May Ottomans overthrow Transcaucasian Republic, occupy Armenia

1918
May Armenia (and Georgia and Azerbaidzhan) declares its independence, headed by Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)

1919
Armenian delegation to Paris Peace Conference demands recognition of a ‘Greater Armenia’ stretching from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean
Dec. Britain withdraws forces from Transcaucasus

1920
Dec. Armenia forcibly reincorporated into Bolshevik Russia

1921
Mar. Treaty of Kars: almost half of ‘Russian Armenia’ is ceded to Ottoman Empire/Turkey

3. The Austrians

1780–1790
Reign of the ‘Revolutionary Emperor’ Josef II

1789
Oct. Uprising in Austrian Netherlands
Dec. Austrian Netherlands declares its independence as ‘Belgium’

1790
Jan. Convention of Berlin between Britain, Prussia and United Provinces over Belgium
Dec. Austrians re-enter Brussels, crush Belgian uprising

1790–1792
Reign of Emperor Leopold II

1792–1835
Reign of Emperor Franz/Francis II

1792
Nov. Austrians defeated at Jemappes by French, who annexe Austrian Netherlands/Belgium

1793
Mar. Austrians defeat French at Neerwinden, retake Austrian Netherlands/Belgium

1794
Jun. Austrians defeated by French at Fleurus, and again lose Austrian Netherlands/Belgium to France

1795
Oct. Third Partition of Poland: Habsburg Empire gets Cracow and western Galicia

1796
May Austrians defeated by Napoleon at Lodi, in northern Italy
Nov. Austrians defeated by Napoleon...