Rebuilding Story Worlds

The Obscure Cities by Schuiten and Peeters

Jan Baetens

• Editorial: Rutgers University Press
• Año: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781978808492
• Categoría: Literatur
• Categoría: Literaturkritik

A collaboration between Belgian artist François Schuiten and French writer Benoît Peeters, The Obscure Cities is one of the few comics series to achieve massive popularity while remaining highly experimental in form and content. Set in a parallel world, full of architecturally distinctive city-states, The Obscure Cities also represents one of the most impressive pieces of world-building in any form of literature. Rebuilding Story Worlds offers the first full-length study of this seminal series, exploring both the artistic traditions from which it emerges and the innovative ways it plays with genre, gender, and urban space. Comics scholar Jan Baetens examines how Schuiten's work as an architectural designer informs the series' concerns with the preservation of historic buildings. He also includes an original interview with Peeters, which reveals how poststructuralist critical theory influenced their construction of a rhizomatic fictional world, one which has made space for fan contributions through the Alta Plana website.Synthesizing cutting-edge approaches from both literary and visual studies, Rebuilding Story Worlds will give readers a new appreciation for both the aesthetic ingenuity of The Obscure Cities and its nuanced conception of politics.

1

A New Series, a New Type of Author

First known by American readers under the unfortunate title of The Cities of the Fantastic,¹ The Obscure Cities (French: Les Cités obscures) by artist François Schuiten and writer Benoît Peeters is a long-running Franco-Belgian bande dessinée or comics series set on a Counter-Earth, a world that is similar to yet also different from the world we know. The official website of the work, Altaplana, states: “In this fictional world, humans live in independent city-states, each of which has developed a distinct civilization, each characterized by a distinctive architectural style. The word Obscure is somewhat misleading for English-speaking readers. In America, we tend to think of the word to mean ‘little known’ or ‘odd.’ The French use the word for multiple meanings, including ‘mysterious,’ ‘hidden,’ or even ‘secluded.’ ALL of these adjectives could apply to the world imagined in the minds of Benoît Peeters and François Schuiten” (Altaplana, n.p.).²

This statement on the home page of Altaplana already hints at some of the major features of the work of Schuiten and Peeters: the strange and the uncanny, the relationship between reality and fiction, the importance of spatial and urban settings, and the very singularity of a project that seems to be as much interested in world making as in storytelling come immediately to the fore, and most elements of this rough general presentation will be read in detail in the various chapters of this book.

The Obscure Cities is a series that is both very coherent and homogeneous thanks to the unity of its fictional world, progressively disclosed throughout each new volume, yet very complex and decentered due to the fact that each new volume introduces new characters, topics, story lines, and social and political issues. In that sense, the series functions as a laboratory to experiment with the often conflicting relationships between human characters and their environments—physical, cultural, social, and material, but also political in the many senses of the word. As Catherine Labio energetically puts it: “One of the most important series of the late twentieth century, Les Cités obscures has played a key role in the revitalization of bande dessinée that began in the 1980s. It has also found a worldwide audience. Since the publication of Les Murailles de Samaris in 1982, the series has grown in rhizomatic fashion into a multivolume universe” (2015, 318–319).

The originality and unique position of the series depend not only on style and content. This originality, which this book will also frame in historical and political terms, is strongly related to the way in which Schuiten and Peeters profoundly redefine the usual comics publishing policy as well as the relationships between comics and other media. As pointed out by the leading French historian and theoretician of comics studies, Thierry Groensteen:

The Obscure Cities … The volumes that have been gathered until today under this generic term can immediately be distinguished in many ways from the cycles and book series with which the comics world is so familiar. Here, the proliferation of titles has not been programmed in advance. The first volume of the series, The Great Walls of Samaris, was not meant as the pilot of a series to be developed in case of success. The coherence of the whole enterprise does not depend on the presence of a recurring character or a group of characters, not even by the repetition of certain material aspects of the volumes (size, book design). (Groensteen 1994, n.p.; my translation)

Launched with the publication of Samaris in 1983 (first U.S. translation in 1987), after a run in the monthly (À Suivre) from June to September 1982, the chronicles of The Obscure Cities constitute a landmark series in European and world comics. The revised and final version of the various works in four “integral” albums released (in French) between 2017 and 2019 presents us with a timely opportunity for a first critical overview of the series as a whole, including many of the “peripheries” that were not realized in the host medium of comics (illustrated books, anthologies, catalogues, collector’s items, lectures, posters, performances, and so on). We may begin this endeavor by considering what makes the series such a stunning achievement in modern comics and more generally in modern literature and culture. Much more than other works or series, The Obscure Cities has indeed a powerful literary dimension, which immediately makes it a good candidate in bridging the gap between two worlds, that of comics and that of writing.³ As we will see later, the generic and media hybridization of The Obscure Cities goes, however, far beyond the sole fields of comics and literature.

Deeply rooted in Belgian and European comics culture, but with more than an eye wide open to global tendencies, The Obscure Cities has emerged at a watershed moment in modern comics culture and in modern or postmodern culture in general. This introductory chapter will give a historical presentation of the work and its context in order to build the necessary framework to better understand and critically examine not only the form and content, but also the real stakes of Schuiten and Peeters’s contribution to the ninth art.

A brief practical note before getting started: Readers less familiar with the plot of the various volumes will be happy to discover that comprehensive plot summaries are available at the highly user-friendly and perfectly up-to-date portal site Altaplana,⁴ where one will also find clear and circumstantial information on characters, places, events, and general chronology of the series.

In global comics history, 1983 may not be as pivotal a year as, for instance, 1978, the year that witnessed the launch of Will Eisner’s A Contract with God and the first issue of the journal RAW, a publication strongly influenced by European comics avant-garde and rapidly influential in France as well as the UK, or 1986, which saw the simultaneous publication of Watchmen, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, and of course the first volume of Maus—all books that strongly impacted the European comics market, introducing a conceptual tension between “comics” and “graphic novels” that was practically unknown before, when all European comics, whatever their style or content, were seen as part of the same medium. It is nevertheless a year that is at the center of a crucial period where the great structural changes in European comics culture during the 1950s and 1960s, both in content and in institutional terms, resulted in a new Golden Age of adult storytelling.

After World War II, European comics witnessed two fundamental and strongly linked transformations: one in its publication formats, another in its commercial and industrial infrastructure. First of all, the classic publication venues—comics pages or sections in daily newspapers, weeklies, and monthly magazines—were challenged by a new format, that of the specialized comics magazine, that is, a weekly publication of sixteen to twenty-four pages offering a combination of gag strips and serialized adventure strips, generally complemented with smaller editorial contributions. Granted, comics magazines already existed before the war, but their number and importance strongly increased after the mid-forties and fifties, with Tintin (the journal) as the flagship publication in the field. Each of these magazines had its own look and feel, tone, and ideology, but this internal streamlining did not prevent artists from adding a personal touch. Magazine editors tried to seduce their readers with maximal diversity and thus a mix of genres as well as visual and narratives styles. This variety was a must in the competition between the countless journals on newsstands; the number of subscribers being generally very low, accounting for between 5 and 10 percent of the copies sold (Michallat 2018), necessitated an industry aversion to routine. This openness to individual creation within the comics cultural industry encouraged artists to create and develop their own characters and story worlds, which were normally not continued or rebooted when the series was abandoned (for a counterexample, see Baetens and Frey 2018). Obviously, this creative freedom proved an essential feature in the emergence of the adult comics of the sixties, when authors—more attuned to catering to juvenile audiences—obtained greater freedom to move to other types of content and storytelling.

FIG. 1.1 Illustration for the exhibit Im-possible Worlds at the science fiction museum La Maison d’ailleurs (November 2019−October 2020) in Yverdon-les-Bain, Switzerland (© François Schuiten)

FIG. 1.2 François Schuiten, Benoît Peeters, and their U.S. publisher, Steve Smith, at Comic-Con 2014 (© Benoît Peeters)

FIG. 1.3 François Schuiten and Benoît Peeters (background: Dave McKean) signing The Leaning Girl at Comic-Con 2014 (© Benoît Peeters)

Subsequently, the dominant publication format ceased to be the periodical publication, be it in general publication formats or in specialized magazines (GREBD 2013). During the 1950s the hegemonic model for the album format, the so-called 48cc format (“48 pages, cartonné, couleur” [48 pages, hardback, full color]). For many years, the reissue of a serialized comic in album format had been rather exceptional—here as well the most famous example was The Adventures of Tintin, almost immediately released in book form. Things changed, however, during the fifties, so that by 1960, serialization had actually become a form of prepublication of a subsequent album. Economically speaking, such a system proved attractive for authors, who thus received double pay: first, a fixed amount per page in the daily or the magazine; second, a percentage per copy sold. This system offered many new opportunities for starting authors, producing thus a large pool of creators capable of answering demands from new, specifically adult but not necessarily countercultural audiences of the sixties. Unlike what happened in the United States, with the great divide between superhero comic books and underground comix, the European bande dessinée production not only allowed for more internal diversity; it also prepared the birth of adult or serious comics in an almost organic way, most journals and authors trying to progressively express less stereotypical forms of storytelling and responding to a clear social demand for more mature material. The new comics that emerged in the 1960s were not only the result of a reaction against the limitations of the industry but came about as the result of the industry’s effort to meet the new demands of both the authors and the public.

The widespread acceptance of comics in Europe, where the industry did not specialize in the horror genres that had exposed U.S. comic books to wide social and political repression, as well as the dynamic distribution policy of magazines and publishers in Belgium and France—the core countries of the European production in that period—contributed to an enlargement of the field from general and juvenile publications to adult publications. The range and scope of these new comics were extremely diverse. Some were traditional comics that progressively targeted a more mature audience (the works published in a magazine such as Pilote, founded in 1959, are a good example of the rise and fall of the attempts to convert a youth journal in something else [Michallat 2018]); others were from the very start oriented toward a political agenda.⁵ Yet none of the works—some of them masterpieces, such as Moebius’s The Airtight Garage (1976–1979)—were labeled “graphic novels,” mainly due to the presence of a wide range of styles and genres and thus the absence of a clear-cut opposition between mainstream and nonmainstream pu...