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Physique and Character
an investigation of the nature of constitution and of the Theory
Ernst Kretschmer
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eBook - ePub
Physique and Character
an investigation of the nature of constitution and of the Theory
Ernst Kretschmer
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Citas
Información del libro
This is Volume X of Twenty-one in a series on Individual Differences. Originally published in 1925, this is an investigation of the Nature of Constitution and of the Theory of Temperment, looking at types of physique and their biological relation to classes of psychoses
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Part I
Physique
CÆSAR: | Let me have men about me that are fat; Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o’ nights: Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks too much: such men are dangerous. |
ANTONY: | Fear him not, Cæsar; he is not dangerous; He is a noble Roman, and well given. |
CÆSAR: | Would he were fatter!… |
Julius Cæsar—SHAKESPEARE.
Part I
Physique
IN the mind of the man-in-the-street, the devil is usually lean and has a thin beard growing on a narrow chin, while the fat devil has a strain of good-natured stupidity. The intriguer has a hunch-back and a slight cough. The old witch shows us a withered hawk-like face. Where there is brightness and jollity we set the fat knight Falstaff—red-nosed and with shining pate. The peasant woman with a sound knowledge of human nature is undersized, tubby, and stands with her arms akimbo. Saints look abnormally lanky, long-limbed, of penetrating vision, pale, and godly.
To put it shortly. The virtuous and the devil must have a pointed nose, while the comic must have a fat one. What are we to say to all this? At first only this much: It may be that phenomena which the phantasy of the people has crystallized into the tradition of centuries, are objective documents of folk-psychology—jottings from the observation of mankind, worthy, perhaps, of a glance even from the eyes of the experimenter.
But this is beside the point. Our investigations do not proceed from such géneral reflections, but from the special problem of psychiatry, and only eventually, by a certain inner necessity, ever making wider circles, do they stretch out over the boundaries of that study into general Psychology and the realm of Biology. It seems advisable, in the presentation of the results of our inquiry, to choose the order in which they have appeared. On the psychological side, then, we have in the first place the advantage of already possessing, in the two great psycho-pathological types of manic-depressive or ‘circular’1 insanity and schizophrenia (dementia præcox), which have been distinguished by Kraepelin, something which is fairly tangible and with which we can set to work.
As soon as we have worked out the corresponding physiological types by the aid of these psycho-pathological types, we shall see at once that these bodily types not only correspond to the two psycho-pathological types, but that they have far more extensive relations to widespread normal-psychological types of temperament; which, on their side again, have close psychological and hereditary connections with the psycho-pathological types from which we started. Anyone, therefore, who ventures on this book without special knowledge of medicine, but with only psychological interests, will nevertheless not be able to avoid becoming involved in that part of the book which deals with psychiatry, because the whole work emerged from investigations in psychiatry and can be understood only from that point of view.
1 We use the expression ‘circular’ throughout this book to stand for the manic-depressive type in the widest sense of the word, on account of its great linguistic advantages.
Chapter I
Method
INVESTIGATION into the build of the body must be made an exact branch of medical science. For it is one of the master-keys to the problem of the constitution—that is to say, to the fundamental question of medical and psychiatric and clinical work. Good isolated observations on the part of medical practitioners of the past do certainly exist: they remain unused. Belle-lettristic aperçus of a physiognomical nature do not get us much further. There is nothing for it: we must plod along the bitter, wearisome road of systematic verbal description and inventory of the whole of the outer body from head to foot; wherever possible, measuring it with calipers and tape-measures, photographing, and drawing. And not only must we do this in a few interesting cases, but we must take hundreds of observations, using every patient we can get hold of, and for each must we make out the same complete scheme. Above all, we must learn again to use our eyes, to see at a glance, and to observe without a microscope or a laboratory.
For the purposes of such an investigation the following scheme was worked out:
Name: | |
Age: | |
Profession: | |
Day of examination: | |
Diagnosis: | |
Special type of disease: |
I. FACE AND SKULL
Face: | large | medium | small (in relation to head) |
long | medium | short | |
narrow | medium | wide | |
delicately boned | medium | coarsely boned | |
sagging | medium | firm | |
thin | medium | fat | |
sharply cut | medium | soft, plastic (surface) | |
thin-skinned | medium | thick-skinned | |
shiny | medium | dull | |
fresh red | medium | pale | |
yellowish; sallow; brown; congested; dark red; bluish; pasty; dirty; smooth; tight; wrinkled; creased; faded; hollow; washed out; bloated; well-marked blood-vessels | |||
Eyes: | large | medium | small |
outstanding | medium | deep-set | |
shining | medium | dull | |
blue; green; grey; brown; black Upper orbital frame: overhanging; high; sharp; blunt | |||
Nose: | large | medium | small |
long | medium | short | |
thin | medium | thick (cartilaginous part) | |
narrow | medium | broad (bony part) | |
pointed | medium | blunt | |
pulled forward | medium | snubbed | |
pale | medium | red | |
flat-saddled | medium | deep-saddled | |
curved | straight | turned up | |
jutting out | medium | deep-set | |
strong outline | medium | weak outline | |
Root of the nose: well-defined; weakly defined | |||
Mouth: | large | medium | small |
firm outline | medium | weak outline | |
Lips: | thin | medium | full |
turning inwards | medium | pushed outwards | |
flabby | medium | firm | |
open | medium | shut | |
pale | medium | red | |
Upper lip; long; short; trunk-formed; pursed; normal | |||
Cheekbone: | strongly developed | medium | weakly developed |
outstanding | medium | not outstanding | |
Lower Jaw: | large | medium | small |
high | medium | low | |
wide | medium | narrow | |
sticking out | medium | receding | |
sharp curve | medium | flat curve | |
coarse | medium | delicate | |
Chin: | well-modelled | medium | weakly modelled cone-shaped |
Larynx: | projecting | medium | not projecting |
Teeth: | large | medium | small |
regular | medium | irregular | |
sound | medium | diseased | |
Gums: | steep | medium | flat |
Ears: | large | medium | small |
sticking out | medium | lying flat | |
flat | medium | rolled | |
thin | medium | thick | |
in-grown | medium | free | |
Forehead: | steep | medium | sloping |
high | medium | low | |
domed | medium | flat | |
broad | medium | narrow | |
cornered | medium | rounded | |
well-defined | medium | weakly defined | |
Superciliar arch; strongly developed; medium; weakly developed | |||
Frontal protuberance; strongly developed; medium; weakly developed | |||
Glabella; broad; medium; narrow | |||
Profile: | straight; weakly arched; strongly arched; angular | ||
sharp; weak; indefinite | |||
strongly projecting; well-developed; undeveloped; stunted | |||
Frontal: | broad shield-shaped; flat five-cornered; steep egg-shaped | ||
Outline: | shortened egg-shaped; childish oval; seven-cornered; uncharacteristic | ||
Facial form: | masculine; feminine; too young; too old; suitable to age | ||
Cranium: | large | medium | small (in relation to head) |
long | medium | short | |
broad | medium | narrow | |
high | medium | low | |
abnormally high top | |||
bladder-shaped cranium; caput quadratum; tower-skull | |||
Back of head: | projecting | rounded | steep |
Occipit: well-developed; medium; weakly developed |
II. PHYSIQUE
large | medium | small | |
round | fat | thick-set | |
broad-shouldered | lanky slim | ||
long-limbed short-limbed infantile; masculine; feminine; senile | |||
Poise: | limp | medium | stiff |
bent | medium | upright | |
Bone structure: | delicate | medium | coarse |
Joints: | narrow | medium | wide |
Musculature: | thin | medium | thick |
flabby | medium | firm | |
Muscle relief; well-defined; medium; weakly defined | |||
Fat upholstery: | thin | medium | fat |
distribution; infantile; masculine; feminine circumscribed islands of fat | |||
Head: | large | medium | small (relation to trunk) |
free | medium | deep-set | |
Neck: | long | medium | short |
thin | medium | thick | |
Arms: | long | medium | short |
thin | medium | thick | |
Legs: | long | medium | short |
thin | medium | thick | |
O-legs; X-legs | |||
Hands: | large | medium | small |
long | medium | short | |
narrow | medium | wide | |
delicate fingers | medium | coarse fingers | |
flabby | medium | firm | |
soft | medium | bony | |
finger-tips: pointed; medium; flat | |||
Feet: | large | medium | small |
long | medium | short | |
wide | medium | narrow | |
flat-footed; arched; toe-proportion | |||
Shoulders: | narrow | medium | wide |
sloping | medium | level | |
outstanding | medium | near together | |
bent (deltoid inner frame) | |||
Chest: | flat | medium | vaulted deep |
long | medium | short | |
narrow | med... |