The Properties of Water and their Role in Colloidal and Biological Systems
Carel Jan van Oss
- 236 páginas
- English
- ePUB (apto para móviles)
- Disponible en iOS y Android
The Properties of Water and their Role in Colloidal and Biological Systems
Carel Jan van Oss
Información del libro
This book treats the different current as well as unusual and hitherto often unstudied physico-chemical and surface-thermodynamic properties of water that govern all polar interactions occurring in it. These properties include the hyper-hydrophobicity of the water-air interface, the cluster formation of water molecules in the liquid state and the concomitant variability of the ratio of the electron-accepticity to electron-donicity of liquid water as a function of temperature, T. The increase of that ratio with T is the cause of the increase in hydration repulsion ("hydration pressure") between polar surfaces upon heating, when they are immersed in water.The book also treats the surface properties of apolar and polar molecules, polymers, particles and cells, as well as their mutual interaction energies, when immersed in water, under the influence of the three prevailing non-covalent forces, i.e., Lewis acid-base (AB), Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW) and electrical double layer (EL) interactions. The polar AB interactions, be they attractive or repulsive, typically represent up to 90% of the total interaction energies occurring in water. Thus the addition of AB energies to the LW + EL energies of the classical DLVO theory of energy vs. distance analysis makes this powerful tool (the Extended DLVO theory) applicable to the quantitative study of the stability of particle suspensions in water. The influence of AB forces on the interfacial tension between water and other condensed-phase materials is stressed and serves, inter alia, to explain, measure and calculate the driving force of the hydrophobic attraction between such materials (the "hydrophobic effect"), when immersed in water. These phenomena, which are typical for liquid water, influence all polar interactions that take place in it. All of these are treated from the viewpoint of the properties of liquid water itself, including the properties of advancing freezing fronts and the surface properties of ice at 0o C.
- Explains and allows the quantitative measurement of hydrophobic attraction and hydrophilic repulsion in water
- Measures the degree of cluster formation of water molecules
- Discusses the influence of temperature on the cluster size of water molecules
- Treats the multitudinous effects of the hyper-hydrophobicity of the water-air interface
Preguntas frecuentes
Información
General and Historical Introduction
Publisher Summary
PREAMBLE
1 SOME EXAMPLES OF POLAR FORCES INTERACTING IN THE MAMMALIAN BLOOD CIRCULATION
The mutual, non-specific repulsion between protein molecules, which keeps them dissolved in blood serum and permits them to avoid precipitation.
The mutual, non-specific repulsion between leukocytes, platelets, etc., which keeps them in stable suspension in the blood and lymph circulation and thus prevents the formation of thrombi.
(Thus the principal constituents of blood can safely circulate in their aqueous environment.)
The specific attraction between pseudopodia of phagocytic leukocytes and bacteria that have found their way into the bloodstream allows the phagocytic cells to internalize such bacteria and destroy them.
The specific attraction between the epitope of a (foreign) antigen and the paratope of a complementary antibody molecule (immunoglobulin) triggers a series of events leading to the foreign antigen's destruction, see also Chapter 4, Section 6.
Whilst electrical double layer forces sometimes play a role in both the specific attractions and the non-specific repulsions alluded to above, polar, Lewis acid–base (AB) forces tend to accompany such electrical double layer forces and are often stronger than these, especially in high ionic strength media, such as the human blood circulation, in which electrostatic interactions are significantly attenuated. However, polar AB forces also act quite well in the absence of any electrical double layer force...