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Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Therapists and Healthcare Professionals, Second Edition
Ruth Hull
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eBook - ePub
Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Therapists and Healthcare Professionals, Second Edition
Ruth Hull
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Written in a clear, no-nonsense style, this is the ideal textbook for students of complementary therapy up to Levels 2 and 3, nursing, physical therapy, or those studying any course requiring a detailed knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology.
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Medical Education1
Before You Begin
Introduction
If someone asked you to name an organ superior to the bladder, would you understand exactly what they meant? Before you even begin to look at the structure and function of the body, let’s learn a few of the basic anatomical terms and their meanings.
What is anatomy? Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. It looks at what the body is made of – for example, bones and organs.
What is physiology? Physiology is the study of the functions of the body. It looks at how the body works – for example, how the blood is pumped around the body.
What is pathology? Pathology is the study of the diseases of the body. It looks at what can go wrong in the body.
Anatomical position
The anatomical position is a basic position that can always be used as a reference point. It allows you to describe or name areas of the body in terms of a specific reference that all anatomists will know. This avoids any confusion.
The person in figure 1.1 is standing in the anatomical position:
•Head facing forward
•Feet parallel
•Arms hanging by the side
•Most importantly, palms facing forward.
Figure 1.1Anatomical position
The front of the body (where the face is) is called the anterior or ventral, and the back of his body is the posterior or dorsal. These terms can also be used to indicate when something is in front of or behind something else. For example, the heart is anterior to the spine and the spine is posterior to the heart.
Directional terms
Imagine a line running right through the centre of the body: between your eyes, through the middle of your nose and mouth, down through the centre of your neck, chest, stomach and pelvis and ending between your feet. This is the midline or median line. It is an imaginary line that acts as a reference for many anatomical terms, including those describing certain movements, such as adduction (which you will learn about later).
In relation to the midline are the following directional terms:
Superior | towards the head, above |
Inferior | away from the head, below |
Medial | towards the midline, on the inner side |
Lateral | away from the midline, on the outer side |
Proximal | closer to its origin or point of attachment of a limb |
Distal | farther from its origin or point of attachment of a limb |
Superficial | towards the surface of the body |
Deep | away from the surface of the body |
Peripheral | at the surface or outer part of the body |
Anterior | at the front of the body, in front of |
Posterior | at the back of the body, behind |
Cephalad | towards the head, above |
Cranial | of or relating to the skull (can also mean towards the head or cranium) |
Caudal | away from the head, below |
Ventral | at the front of the body, in front of |
Dorsal | at the back of the body, behind |
Here are a few examples to help you get used to the anatomical terms:
The nose is superior to the mouth.
The mouth is inferior to the nose.
The nose is medial to the ears.
The ears are lateral to the nose.
The elbow is proximal to the wrist (the arm’s point of attachment is the shoulder).
The wrist is distal to the elbow (the arm’s point of attachment is the shoulder).
The skin is superficial to the muscles.
The muscles are deep to the skin.
The hands and feet are at the periphery of the body.
Terms relating to movement are covered in chapter 4.
Figure 1.2Directional terms
Anatomical Regions and Body Cavities
When studying the body it makes sense to divide it into smaller areas or regions. This enables us to discuss parts of the body without having to continually describe where they are. The body can be divided into:
•Anatomical regions: These relate to specific areas of the body. For example, the neck is the cervical regio...