Facets of a Smart City: Computational and Experimental Techniques for Sustainable Urban Development

Pijush Samui Samui, Anasua GuhaRay, Elham Mahmoudi

• Editorial: Bentham Science Publishers
• Año: 2001
• ISBN:
  9789815049077
• Categoría: Technology & Engineering
• Categoría: Civil Engineering

A smart city uses technology to provide services and solve problems to improve urban policy efficiency, reduce waste, improve quality of life, and maximize social inclusion. By 2050, 66% of the world's population is expected to be urban, which is a key driver of a global trend toward the creation of smart cities. This trend creates many opportunities for urban planning committees to learn how to design, modernize, and operate smart cities intelligently and effectively. Facets of a Smart City: Computational and Experimental Techniques for Sustainable Urban Development is a collection of topics that are relevant to the design of a smart city. This book aims to complement technical journal articles that require advanced knowledge of the subject of smart cities and applications for readers. It aims to bridge knowledge gaps in sustainable urban design by providing background information via case studies to facilitate students, recent graduates and new practitioners in urban design and planning. Key Features: - This book features 9 chapters that cover 6 major domains, which include (i) information modelling, (ii) internet of things, (iii) intelligent transportation systems, (iv) water supply, (v) waste management and (vi) sustainable environment - Computational techniques are included in the book. These include artificial neural networks, stochastic models, particle swarm optimization, machine learning, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy Inference systems. - Goals of case studies presented in this book use computational techniques to offer readers examples of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning strategies in the context of smart city applications - References are provided for further reading

Information Modelling Technology

Amirhooshang Fakhimi¹, Javad Sardroud Majrouhi^{2, *}

¹ Department of Civil Engineering, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kashan, Iran

² Department of Civil Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The permanent growth of urbanization will bring the world's urban population to more than 68% of the world's population by 2050. This means that urban problems will be elevated to a higher level than today. Improper and increasing consumption of natural resources, increasing waste, malapropos design of urban environments, asymmetric development of the urban area, infrastructure problems, low productivity, and inadequate quality of life are some of the urban problems that must be solved seriously and quickly. City 4.0 is a solution that has been implemented to solve the urban area and urbanism problems. City 4.0, in which using smart digital technologies in the context of industry 4.0 creates quicker control, real-time information flow, and more sustainable urban planning in urban management. It keeps the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and requirements while meeting the current needs of people in all areas, such as economic, environmental, and social areas. To achieve sustainable urban development goals and overcome barriers, City Information Modeling (CIM), in which information modeling techniques are used to prepare dynamic modeling, simulation, visualization, and analytics to present real-time responses for stakeholders' demands, has been coming out. In this chapter, focusing on information modeling technologies, the necessary definitions for a smart and sustainable city are provided, and by presenting the specifications of city 4.0, the information modeling technologies used in it including blockchain, cloud computing, fog/mist computing, edge computing, Building Information Modeling (BIM), spatial information technology, cyber-physical systems, and digital twin are described. At the end of this chapter, the characteristics of the city model (CI model) are stated in the context of CIM and the challenges and barriers that must be overcome to increase the quality of life are addressed.

Keywords: City 4.0, City Information Modeling, Horizontal integration, Industry 4.0, Sustainability, Vertical integration.

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^* Corresponding author Majrouhi Sardroud Javad: Department of Civil Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The estimation shows the permanent growth in the urban population. It is estimated that in 2050, about 68% of the world's population will live in cities

while in 2018, about 55% of the world's population lived in cities. During the same period, urbanization in Europe will increase from 74% to 85% and in North America from 80% to 90% [1]. Increasing the number of cities and urban population and their need for a higher quality of life and more use of consumer resources increase urbanization problems in all areas, such as low productivity, economic instability, poverty, inequality, and social conflict [2]. These problems have led to a reduction in the population of cities in some cases. The increase in population and, consequently, the increase in resource consumption has led to the need to turn attitudes of urban management from traditional to novel urban management. Therefore, urban planners are looking for solutions based on knowledge and novel technology to overcome the problematic challenges and troubles faced by urbanization. Sustainable urban management and smart city have become two different and intertwined features in novel urban management that tried to provide an appropriate solution for urban management problems.

There is no single definition for sustainability; different definitions have been made for it based on the exploited fields of study. In general, sustainable development refers to development that, while keeping the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and requirements, meets the current needs of people in all areas such as economic, environmental, and social areas. In the urban field of study, sustainability is founded on several pillars, including environment, economy and society dimensions [2]. On the other hand, a smart city is founded on a smart society, smart physical and smart digital pillars, and contains several domains such as environment, economy, and society [3]. Due to the coverage of sustainable development issues in the concept of the smart city, a smart, sustainable city (SSC) is used instead of a smart city [4]. It is concluded that any improvement in the implementation of the smart city concept could be considered as an improvement in sustainability and moving toward sustainable urban development. The tremendous advances in digital technologies and the increase in the well-being of the people with the expansion of its use in various walks of life have led to the use of digital technologies in various aspects of urban management. Although there is no unbeatable definition for a smart city, it can be said that what is called a smart city today is the result of the widespread use of digital technologies as the core of industry 4.0 to improve the efficiency of urban systems and increase services efficiency and its sustainability [4]. Smart in smart cities means the use of smart-based technologies and artificial intelligence for the smart growth of people and governments to achieve the main goals of the smart city with a strategic orientation. Today, the industry is going to transform from the third industrial revolution to the fourth industrial revolution. In the fourth industrial revolution, known as industry 4.0, pillars are based on the use of intelligence for integrating smart city's platforms vertically and horizontally. Smart cities are expected to be one of the main users of industry 4.0, by using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) along with physical, cyber systems (CPS) [5, 6].

The conclusive goal of the smart city is to create a new urban management perspective to cover all aspects of real urban life with a special focus on the quality of life and reduce pressure on people in a sustainable manner. For this purpose, various infrastructures have been provided for the smart city. The European Union has introduced 6 characters, 31 parameters, and 74 identifiers for smart cities. In this regard, authors have introduced physical, digital, and social infrastructure as three necessary platforms for the smart city and have provided them with 12 domains, 49 main components, and 117 sub-components [3]. The modeling of information generated using digital technologies stands at the heart of all this infrastructure to the point that some researchers have preferred the name digital city to smart city [7].

Reviewing the research done in the field of smart cities, revealed that there is no single definition for smart city, sustainable city and digital city. Examining the mentioned concepts showed the extensive overlaps of these concepts. For this reason, researchers have combined these concepts. Smart sustainable cities [8] and smart digital cities [7, 9] are examples of these combinations. In this chapter, city 4.0 has been selected to refer to all of the above-mentioned concepts and smart, sustainability and digital are considered as the main aspects of city 4.0 (Fig. 1). Vertical and horizontal integration of city 4.0 was done through information modeling technologies founded in the center point of the city. Information modeling acts like the heart of the city 4.0 and is considered as the most essential necessity of it.

Fig. (1))
Aspects of city 4.0.

Information modeling has two aspects: 1) information gathering and preparation (vertical aspect) and 2) integrated utilization of it (horizontal aspect). In the vertical aspect, modeling technologies have the task of collecting their own categorized information. At this stage, information is collected, categorized, digitized and modeled using digital technologies. Geographic information modeling, geometric information modeling, climate information modeling, building information modeling and image processing are examples of this category. On the other hand, in order to apply in a smart city, all this information must be integrated and available online for use by stakeholders (people and government). Information modeling is the starting point for the integrated utilization of all information collected from various sources such as traffic flow, parking spaces, use of spaces and buildings, energy, car accidents, weather, forests, and green spaces, natural disasters, safety, fire, waste, sewage and water resources in urban management in order to adapt urban management services to the practical needs of the people. Information modeling and its online application enable deci...