Nursing

Julie Henry, Henry

• Editorial: QuickStudy Reference Guides
• Año: 2009
• ISBN:
  9781423212263
• Categoría: Medicine
• Categoría: Medical Theory, Practice & Reference

Essential tool used by nurses and nursing students for 25 years. This 6 page laminated quick reference guide covers the need to know whether you are studying, prepping for tests or already a working nurse. Just the facts and answers arrangedand organized to have as much info possible at your fingertips in color coded sections to find what you need and to promote memorization. We have heard first-hand how our nursing guides have boosted grades, helped with passing tests like TEAs and NCLEX, reduced some stress of academic intake and how this guidehas even been stolen by other nurses from the nursing station (true story). Authored and updated by two accomplished nurses, teachers and writersJill E. Winland-Brown, EdD, MSM, ARNP andJulie Henry, RN, MPA, you will not find a more inexpensive reference that offers so much support.
6 page laminated guide includes:

• Components of the Nursing Process
• Basic Head-to-Toe Assessment
• Assessing Lung Sounds (with diagram)
  • Adventitious Lung Sounds & Potential Causes
• Assessment Techniques
  • Percussion Sounds & Potential Causes
• System Assessment
• Glasgow Coma Scale
• Heart
  • Normal Electrocardiogram (EKG) Pattern
  • Grading of Heart Murmurs
  • Edema Rating Scale
  • Pulses
• Skin & Muscles
  • Quick Guide to Skin Assessment
  • Muscle Strength
  • Decubitus Ulcer Staging
• Medication Administration
  • Medication Dosage Calculation
  • Injection Sites (with images)
• Insulin Types & Action Times
• IV Solutions & Calculations
• Laboratory Values
  • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
  • Coagulation Studies
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) & Differential
• Common Abbreviations

LABORATORY VALUES

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
Screening Test	Normal Adult Range*	Conditions with Abnormal Findings
		Increased	Decreased
BUN	6–20 mg/dL	Congestive heart failure (CHF), excessive protein in the GI tract, GI bleeding, heart attack, hypovolemia, kidney disease, kidney failure, shock, urinary tract obstruction	Liver failure, low protein diet, malnutrition, overhydration
Sodium (Na)	135–145 mEq/L	CHF, dehydration, diabetes, diaphoresis, diarrhea, hypertension, ostomies, toxemia, vomiting	Ascites in cardiac failure, bowel obstruction, burns, cirrhosis, diarrhea, emphysema, GI malabsorption
Potassium (K)	3.7–5.2 mEq/L	Acidosis, adrenocortical insufficiency, anemia, anxiety, asthma, burns, dialysis, dysrhythmias, hypoventilation	Alcoholism, alkalosis, bradycardia, colon cancer, CHF, chronic cirrhosis, Crohn disease, diarrhea, diuretics, GI suction, intestinal fistulas, vomiting
Glucose	70–100 mg/dL (fasting)	Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, prediabetes	Hyperinsulinism, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, insulin overdose, malnutrition, transient hypoglycemia
Creatinine	0.6–1.3 mg/dL	Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), CHF, dehydration, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, kidney failure, muscular dystrophy, preeclampsia, pyelonephritis, rhabdomyolysis, shock, urinary tract obstruction	Muscular dystrophy (late stage), myasthenia gravis
Calcium (Ca)	8.5–10.2 mg/dL	ATN, bacteremia, chronic hepatic disease, respiratory acidosis	Alkalosis, burns, cachexia, celiac disease, chronic renal disease, diarrhea, GI malabsorption
Albumin	3.4–5.4 g/dL	Dehydration	Kidney disease, liver disease
Total bilirubin	0.3–1.9 mg/dL	Biliary stricture, cirrhosis, gallbladder cancer, gallstones, Gilbert disease, hepatitis, pancreatic cancer	N/A
Aspartate transaminase/ serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST/SGOT)	10–34 U/L	Acute pancreatitis, cirrhosis, heart attack, hepatitis, kidney failure, liver cancer, mononucleosis	N/A
Alanine aminotransaminase/ serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT/SGPT)	7–56 U/L	Acute pancreatitis, cirrhosis, heart attack, hepatitis, liver cancer, mononucleosis	N/A
Alkaline phosphatase	44–147 U/L	Biliary obstruction, bone cancer, cirrhosis, hepatitis, hyperparathyroidism, leukemia, lymphoma, Paget’s disease	Malnutrition, protein deficiency, Wilson disease
*Ranges may vary by lab.

COAGULATION STUDIES
Coagulation Screening Tests
Bleeding time (Simplate)	2.5–10 min
Prothrombin time (PT)	10–13 sec
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)	25–39 sec
Whole-blood clotting time	5–15 min
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Oral anticoagulation therapy	2.0–3.0
Mechanical heart valve	2.5–3.5
Fibrinolytic Studies
Euglobulin lysis	No lysis in 2 hrs
Fibrinogen	200–400 mg/dL

Coagulation Testing

• Coagulation testing is performed on plasma and is used to monitor anticoagulant therapy.
• Coagulation tests are performed on patients with a history of strokes, heart attacks, or thrombophlebitis (blood clots).
• Drugs to prevent clotting and aid in avoiding recurrence of the previously listed conditions are given prior to the test and the patient’s clotting (coagulation) time must be carefully monitored.
• Clotting disorders such as hemophilia (in which a patient’s blood does not clot) must also be monitored.
• Common coagulation tests include:
  • Activated clotting time
  • Activated partial thromboplastin time
  • Bleeding time
  • Factor activity assays
  • Fibrinogen and fibrin degradation tests
  • International normalized ratio
  • Prothrombin time
  • Thrombin clotting time

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

• The most common hematology test is the complete blood count (CBC), which is performed on whole blood.
• White blood count (WBC) is the number of leukocytes in a sample of known volume, which can identify infections and other conditions.
• Differential (diff) classifies and counts the different types of WBCs, as well as abnormalities in RBCs or platelets.
• Platelet count is the number of platelets in a known volume.
• Mean platele...