Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, to evolve and become resistant to the drugs used to treat infections they cause. This resistance can lead to ineffective treatments, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates. It is a growing global concern that requires coordinated efforts to develop new antimicrobial drugs and promote responsible use of existing ones.
5 Key excerpts on "Antimicrobial Resistance"
eBook - ePubAntibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environment
Volume 1 in the Advances in Environmental Pollution Research series
- Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi, Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
...For effective analysis of the AMR tackling strategy, it is important to collect as much data as possible about the antimicrobial agents in humans and animals. This will further facilitate the monitoring of various trends and their impacts on the respective populations. 4. For reducing the risk of infection, the hygienic conditions must be strengthened so that the risk of infection can be mitigated. 5. Introduce holistic-based approaches for the fostering of health care procedures. Moreover, the food-based industries should also be strengthened for promoting safe and healthy food products. 6. For the optimization of antimicrobial agents, following the guidelines of WHO, regulations should be implemented for effective licensures of antibiotics, their distribution, and dispensing. 18.13. Conclusion Antimicrobial Resistance and antimicrobial-resistance genes have become a serious health concern during the last few years. Moreover, due to the consistent utilization of antibiotics in the health, food, and livestock sectors, the situation has become graver because of their direct connection with each other. The environment is no more different then these fields as AMR sporadically spreads in the environment and the resulting contamination can cause serious health concerns. There is a need to research more and collect advanced scientific data so as to fill the gaps and better understand the potential harms presented by the resistant bacterial strains in the environment. AMR varies from country to country, however, as a mechanism, it is common across the globe...
- Frank M. Aarestrup, Stefan Schwarz, Lina Maria Cavaco, Jianzhong Shen, Stefan Schwarz, Lina Maria Cavaco, Jianzhong Shen(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- ASM Press(Publisher)
...References1.World Health Organization (WHO).2014.Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.2.Centers for Disease Control (CDC).2013.Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.3.Fleming A.1945.Penicillin. Nobel lecture.4.O’Neill J.2016.Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. The review on Antimicrobial Resistance.https://amr-review.org/.5.Laxminarayan R,Duse A,Wattal C,Zaidi AKM,Wertheim HFL,Sumpradit N,Vlieghe E,Hara GL,Gould IM,Goossens H,Greko C,So AD,Bigdeli M,Tomson G,Woodhouse W,Ombaka E,Peralta AQ,Qamar FN,Mir F,Kariuki S,Bhutta ZA,Coates A,Bergstrom R,Wright GD,Brown ED,Cars O.2013. Antibiotic resistance: the need for global solutions.Lancet Infect Dis13:1057–1098.[CrossRef]6.World Health Organization (WHO).2015.Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.7.Aarestrup FM,Wegener HC,Collignon P.2008. Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther6:733–750.[CrossRef][PubMed]8.Holmes AH,Moore LSP,Sundsfjord A,Steinbakk M,Regmi S,Karkey A,Guerin PJ,Piddock LJ.2016. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance.Lancet387:176–187.[CrossRef]9.Burow E,Käsbohrer A.2017. Risk factors for Antimicrobial Resistance inEscherichia coliin pigs receiving oral antimicrobial treatment: a systematic review.Microb Drug Resist23:194–205.[CrossRef][PubMed]10.Marti E,Variatza E,Balcazar JL.2014. The role of aquatic ecosystems as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance.Trends Microbiol22:36–41.[CrossRef][PubMed]11.Huijbers PMC,Blaak H,de Jong MCM,Graat EAM,Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE,de Roda Husman AM.2015. Role of the environment in the transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance to humans: a review.Environ Sci Technol49:11993–12004.[CrossRef][PubMed]12.Woolhouse MEJ,Ward MJ.2013...
eBook - ePubOne Health
People, Animals, and the Environment
- Ronald M. Atlas, Stanley Maloy, Ronald M. Atlas, Stanley Maloy(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- ASM Press(Publisher)
...2013. Antibiotic resistance in and from nature. Microbiol Spectrum 1(1):OH-0005-2012. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0005-2012. REFERENCES 1. Kirby WM, Rantz LA. 1943. Quantitative studies of sulfonamide resistance. J Exp Med 77: 29–39. 2. Finland M. 1971. Changes in susceptibility of selected pathogenic bacteria to widely used antibiotics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 182: 5–20. 3. Keen PL, Montforts MHMM (ed). 2012. Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. 4. D’Costa VM, McGrann KM, Hughes DW, Wright GD. 2006. Sampling the antibiotic resistome. Science 311: 374–377. 5. Sommer MO, Dantas G, Church GM. 2009. Functional characterization of the antibiotic resistance reservoir in the human microflora. Science 325: 1128–1131. 6. Cundliffe E, Demain AL. 2010. Avoidance of suicide in antibiotic-producing microbes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37: 643–672. 7. Sommer MO, Church GM, Dantas G. 2010. The human microbiome harbors a diverse reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Virulence 1: 299–303. 8. D’Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WW, Schwarz C, Froese D, Zazula G, Calmels F, Debruyne R, Golding GB, Poinar HN, Wright GD. 2011. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 477: 457–461. 9. Pallecchi L, Lucchetti C, Bartoloni A, Bartalesi F, Mantella A, Gamboa H, Carattoli A, Paradisi F, Rossolini GM. 2007. Population structure and resistance genes in antibiotic-resistant bacteria from a remote community with minimal antibiotic exposure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1179–1184. 10. Martinez JL. 2009. The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria. Proc Soc Biol 276: 2521–2530. 11. Asimov A, Mackie RI. 2007. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271: 147–161. 12. Allen HK, Donato J, Wang HH, Cloud-Hansen KA, Davies J, Handelsman J. 2010. Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: 251–259. 13. Courvalin P. 2006...
eBook - ePub- José-Luis Capelo-Martínez, Gilberto Igrejas, José-Luis Capelo-Martínez, Gilberto Igrejas(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
...The agents that entered the full development since 1995 were mostly from the already known classes of antibiotics (Bush2012).Bacteria's ability to respond to stresses and challenges by toxic compounds, which include antibiotics, results in resistance to therapies. Defense mechanisms can be developed from the presence of intrinsic genes in their genome that could generate a resistance phenotype and from the mutations in chromosomal genes (Davies and Davies2010), as well as due to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) responsible for increased propagation ofresistance through bacterial populations (Nakamura et al.2004). More often than not, resistance induced by an antibiotic leads to decrease of efficacy of other structurally unrelated antibiotics, resulting in the development of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The specter of untreatable infections is becoming a real threat as the resistance was recently observed against the drugs of last resort, such as vancomycin and colistin (Boucher et al.2009; Liu et al.2016), and the demand for new antibiotic therapies is critical.In the era of the antibiotic resistance, the development of the new antibiotics focuses on the new or unexplored targets present in resistant strains, while the alternative strategies include developing agents that target the mechanisms responsible for antibiotic resistance and failure of infection treatments(Schillaci et al.2017)...
eBook - ePubBacterial Pathogenesis
A Molecular Approach
- Brenda A. Wilson, Malcolm Winkler, Brian T. Ho(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- ASM Press(Publisher)
...Hospital-acquired infections. http://www.phc4.org/reports/cabg/04/keyfindings.htm. Thomson JM, Bonomo RA. 2005. The threat of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria: beta-lactams in peril! Curr Opin Microbiol 8 : 518–524. [PubMed] [CrossRef] Van Beneden CA, Keene WE, Strang RA, Werker DH, King AS, Mahon B, Hedberg K, Bell A, Kelly MT, Balan VK, Mac Kenzie WR, Fleming D. 1999. Multinational outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts. JAMA 281 : 158–162. [PubMed] [CrossRef] Van Winkelhoff AJ, Boutaga K. 2005. Transmission of periodontal bacteria and models of infection. J Clin Periodontol 32 (Suppl 6):16–27. [PubMed] [CrossRef] Waterfield NR, Wren BW, Ffrench-Constant RH. 2004. Invertebrates as a source of emerging human pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2 : 833–841. [PubMed] [CrossRef] Wheeler A, Smith HS. 2013. Botulinum toxins: mechanisms of action, antinociception and clinical applications. Toxicology 306 : 124–146. [PubMed] [CrossRef] Wilson BA. 2008. Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world. Complexity 14 : 71–88. [CrossRef] Woolhouse MEJ, Webster JP, Domingo E, Charlesworth B, Levin BR. 2002. Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts. Nat Genet 32 : 569–577. [PubMed] [CrossRef] World Health Organization. 2014. Antimicrobial Resistance: Global report on surveillance 2014. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/. Questions 1. The number of human deaths is often used as a standard for ranking human diseases in terms of importance. What, if anything, is wrong with this classification scheme? 2. Infectious diseases have obvious deleterious effects on the infected individual. Are there other consequences that reach beyond the infected person to his or her family and to society as a whole? 3. The United States and most developed countries have long had medical communities that focus on therapy rather than prevention...
