Armillaria
Armillaria is a genus of fungi that includes several species known as honey fungi. These fungi are parasitic and can cause root rot in trees and woody plants. They are also known for their ability to form large, long-lived colonies, making them important in forest ecology and as a model for studying fungal genetics and evolution.
4 Key excerpts on "Armillaria"
- Tsuneo Watanabe(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...6 Basidiomycetous Fungi 6.1 DISEASES: ROOT ROTS OF APPLE AND CHERRY TREES Root rots of apple, and flowering cherry trees caused by Armillaria spp. A. Damaged apple tree infected with A. mellea in California, USA. B. Flowering cherry tree infected with Armillaria sp. in Hachiōji, Japan. C–D. Basidiocarps of A. mellea formed basally at flowering cherry tree in Tsukuba, Japan. Note the rhizomorph elongating basally from the basidiocarps. 6.2 MORPHOLOGIES: Armillaria MELLEA, A. TABESCENS Armillaria mellea and A. tabescens A. A. mellea basidiocarps with annuls (the ring around the stem), which were not observable in this photo. B. A. tabescens basidiocarps without annuls. C–D. Basidia (C) and basidiospores (D) of A. mellea. (Watanabe, 1986) 6.3 MORPHOLOGIES: A. MELLEA RHIZOMORPHS A. Rhizomorphs associated with rotted root wood tissues. B. White hyphal membrane under epidermal tissue. C–D. Elongated shoestring-like rhizomorphs (C), and rhizomorph segments (D). E–F. Aggregated slender hyphae elongated around the intermedium of rhizomorph (E), and the dissected rhizomorph (F). G. Part of hyphae elongated from rhizomorph tissue on agar. H. Rhizomorphs grown in potato dextrose broth in tubes. (Watanabe, 1986). 6.4 TEMPERATURE RESPONSES OF A. MELLEA AND A. TABESCENS A. Temperature responses of A. mellea (isolate 84–128 (MAFF425282)) and A. tabescens (isolate 86–17 (MAFF425286)) on potato dextrose agar. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 28°C for both species. However, A. mellea favored higher temperatures than A. tabescens....
eBook - ePub- J. W. Deacon(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Blackwell(Publisher)
...One of the best-known examples is Puccinia graminis, which causes black stem rust of wheat. These fungi can have complex life cycles, with up to four different types of spore being produced at different stages of the life cycle (Chapter 14). Another important group of pathogens, the smut fungi (Ustilaginales), are unusual because they grow only as yeasts in culture but as mycelia in their hosts. Again, these are discussed in Chapter 14. The most familiar fungi in the Basidiomycota belong to the class Hymenomycetes, and include almost all the larger fungi, such as the mushrooms (commonly known as toadstools), woody brackets, puffballs, earth-stars, splash cups, and jelly-like structures. Most of these “higher” Basidiomycota degrade polymers such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. They are found in composts (e.g. Coprinus), leaf litter (e.g. Mycena), the thatch of dead leaf sheaths in old grasslands (e.g. Marasmius oreades, which produces “fairy rings”; Chapter 11) and in woody substrates, where they play a major role in wood decay (Chapter 11). Some of these fungi cause major tree diseases; e.g. Armillaria spp. in hardwood stands (Chapter 5) and Heterobasidion annosum in conifers (Chapter 12). Many other mushroom-producing fungi form mycorrhizal associations with forest trees, although this applies mainly to the cooler regions of the world, because most tropical and subtropical trees have arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Common examples of mycorrhizal fungi found in the cooler regions include species of Amanita, Russula, Cortinarius, Boletus, Hebeloma, Lactarius, etc. They play major roles in facilitating the uptake of mineral nutrients from soil...
eBook - ePub- A.C. Chang(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...Mushroom biology is the discipline concerned with the scientific study of mushrooms (Chang & Miles, in press). The term mushroom science already exists, but it is restrictive in that it has been defined as the discipline that is concerned with the principles and practices of mushroom cultivation. Mushroom biology includes not only cultivation but deals with every aspect of mushrooms, such as: taxonomy, development, nutrition, physiology, genetics, pathology, medicinal and tonic attributes, edibility, toxicity, etc. The activities centred around mushroom studies have recently achieved global dimensions and present many long term worldwide implications. These include conservation of mushroom germplasm as a part of the conservation of the world’s biological diversity, which has emerged as a very serious matter of international concern (Miles & Chang, 1986; Deak, 1991). TABLE 3. Comparison of the numbers of known and estimated total species in the world of selected groups of organisms. Known Group Known species Total species Percentage known (%) Vascular Plants 220000 270000 81 Bryophytes 17000 25000 68 Algae 40000 60000 67 Fungi 69000 1500000 5 Bacteria 3000 30000 10 Viruses 5000 130000 4 Source: Hawksworth (1991) TABLE 4. Genera of prime edible mushrooms. Basidiomycetes Agaricus Lactarius Amanita Lentinus Armillaria Lepista Auricularia Lyophyllum Boletus Marasmus Cantharellus Pleurotus Calvatia Pholiota Clitocybe Polyporus (Grifola) Coprinus Russula Cortinarius Stropharia Dictyophora Termitomyces Flammulina Tremella Gloeostereum Tricholoma Hericium Volvariella Ascomycetes Morchella Tuber TABLE 5...
eBook - ePubWood Microbiology
Decay and Its Prevention
- Robert A. Zabel, Jeffrey J. Morrell(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
...These fungi are characterized by rapid growth and abundant production of spores. Their role in wood is not clear, but they cause little or no damage beyond cosmetic effects on the wood surface. The Ascomycotina and basidiomycotina are by far the most prevalent fungi in wood and play important roles in carbon recycling. There has been a revolution in fungal classification which has shifted from a morphological system based primarily on fruiting bodies to one that includes more detailed information on genetic composition. For example, one of the most important morphological attributes for separating the Ascomycota was whether the ascus was unitunicate or bitunicate. However, this morphological separation has been replaced by a taxonomy based upon DNA sequences. The group is currently divided into three Sub-phylla: Pezizomycotina, Saccharomycotina, and Taphrinamycota. The Pezziomycotina includes all of the species that produce an ascocarp and includes some wood decay fungi. The Saccharomycotina includes single celled species such as yeasts that reproduce by vegetative budding (Saccharomyces spp., an industrial yeast and Endomycopsis fasiculata - a yeast growing in ambrosia beetle tunnels), while the Taphrinomycotina are a mixture species including some plant pathogens...
