Biological Sciences
Respiratory System
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. It includes the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, where the process of breathing and gas exchange takes place. The system also helps regulate the body's pH balance and plays a role in vocalization.
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5 Key excerpts on "Respiratory System"
No longer available |Learn more- Ann Scott, Elizabeth Fong(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Chapter 17 Key Words alveolar sacs alveoli anthrax apnea asbestosis asthma atelectasis bronchioles bronchitis bronchoscopy bronchus cancer of the larynx cancer of the lungs cellular respiration (oxidation) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cilia common cold coughing diaphragm diphtheria emphysema epiglottis eupnea expiration expiratory reserve volume (ERV) external nares external respiration functional residual capacity glottis Hering-Breuer reflex hiccoughs hyperpnea hyperventilation influenza inspiration inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) internal respiration laryngitis larynx mediastinum nasal septum olfactory nerves orthopnea oxidation pertussis (whooping cough) pharyngitis pharynx pleura pleural fluid pleurisy pneumonia pneumothorax pulmonary embolism rales residual volume severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) silicosis sinuses sinusitis Respiratory System Objectives ■ Describe the functions of the Respiratory System. ■ Describe the structures and functions of the organs of respiration. ■ Explain the breathing and respiratory process. ■ Discuss how breathing is controlled by neural and chemical factors. ■ Discuss respiratory disorders. ■ Define the key words that relate to this chapter. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CHAPTER 17 Respiratory System 343 The Respiratory System obtains oxygen for use by the millions of body cells and eliminates carbon dioxide and water that is produced in cellular respiration. Oxygen and nutrients stored in the cells combine to produce heat and energy. Oxygen must be in constant supply for the body to survive. Functions of the Respiratory System 1. Provides the structures for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body through respira- tion, which is subdivided into external respira- tion, internal respiration, and cellular respiration (Figure 17-1).
eBook - PDF- Bryan H. Derrickson(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
In addition, the Respiratory System helps regulate blood pH, contains receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds, and rids the body of some water and heat in exhaled air. In this chapter, you will learn about the various functions of the Respiratory System. 18.1 Overview of the Respiratory System Objectives • Discuss the steps that occur during respiration. • Describe the functions of each component of the Respiratory System. Respiration Supplies the Body with O 2 and Removes CO 2 The process of supplying the body with O 2 and removing CO 2 is known as respiration, which has five basic steps (Figure 18.1): 1 Ventilation (breathing). Air flows into and out of the lungs. Movement of air into the lungs is called inspiration (inhalation). Movement of air out of the lungs is referred to as expiration (exhalation). Inspiration allows O 2 to enter the lungs and expiration permits CO 2 to leave the lungs. 2 Pulmonary gas exchange. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs and the blood in pulmo- nary capillaries. In this step, pulmonary capillary blood gains O 2 and loses CO 2 . 3 Transport of O 2 and CO 2 by the blood. The blood carries O 2 from the lungs to tissue cells and CO 2 from tissue cells to the lungs. 4 Systemic gas exchange. Gases are exchanged between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells of the body. In this step, systemic capillary blood loses O 2 and gains CO 2 . 5 Cellular respiration. Cells consume O 2 and give off CO 2 as metabolic reactions break down nutrient molecules in order to produce ATP. The Respiratory System does not carry out all of the steps of respi- ration; it is responsible only for ventilation and gas exchange. Transport of O 2 and CO 2 by the blood is a function of the cardiovas- cular system. Cellular respiration is accomplished by metabolic reactions in the cytosol and mitochondria of any given body cell.
- Andrew Kuntzman, Gerard J. Tortora(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Urinary system Together, the respiratory and urinary systems regulate the pH of body fluids. Reproductive systems Increased rate and depth of breathing support activity during sexual intercourse. Internal respiration provides oxy- gen to the developing fetus. BODY SYSTEM CONTRIBUTION OF THE Respiratory System EXHIBIT 25.1 Contributions of the Respiratory System to Homeostasis 672 EXHIBIT 25.1 STUDY OUTLINE 673 Abdominal thrust maneuver ( ATM) First-aid procedure to clear the air- ways of obstructing objects. It is performed by applying a quick upward thrust between the navel and lower ribs that causes sud- den elevation of the diaphragm and forceful, rapid expulsion of air from the lungs, forcing air out of the trachea to eject the obstruct- ing object. Also used to expel water from the lungs of near- drowning victims before resuscitation is begun. Previously known as the Heimlich maneuver (HI ¯M-lik ma-NOO-ver). Asphyxia (as-FIK-se¯-a; -sphyxia pulse) Oxygen starvation due to low atmospheric oxygen or interference with ventilation, external respiration, or internal respiration. Aspiration (as-pi-RA ¯ -shun) Inhalation into the bronchial tree of a sub- stance other than air, for instance, water, food, or a foreign body. Bronchoscopy (brong-KOS-ko ¯-pe¯) The visual examination of the bronchi through a bronchoscope, an illuminated, tubular instru- ment that is passed through the mouth (or nose), larynx, and tra- chea into the bronchi. Coryza (ko-RI ¯-za) Hundreds of viruses can cause coryza or the common cold. Typical symptoms include sneezing, excessive nasal secretion, dry cough, and congestion. The uncomplicated common cold is not usually accompanied by a fever. Complications may in- clude sinusitis, asthma, bronchitis, ear infections, and laryngitis. Cystic fibrosis (CF ) An inherited disease of secretory epithelia that af- fects the airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and sweat glands.
eBook - PDF- Craig Freudenrich, Gerard J. Tortora(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
• There are two major types of breathing: costalbreathing (shallow chest breathing) and diaphragmaticbreathing Summary Respiratory Organs Move Air and Exchange Gases 372 • As shown, the upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, nasalepithelium, and pharynx; it warms, filters, and hu- midifies incoming air, detects smells in that air, and expels mucus from the respiratory tract. The Respiratory System • Figure 13.1 • The lower respiratory tract consists of a series of branch- ing tubes that direct air into the lungs. The tubing includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles—ending at the alveoli. The larynx serves as the entrance to the airways and produces sounds. The epiglottis is part of the larynx that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the airways. The lungs are enclosed in the pleuralcavity and surrounded by a pleuralmembrane. They adhere to the thoracic wall, which moves to draw air in and push it out. Within the lungs are tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and the blood. • The functions of the Respiratory System include gas ex- change, regulation of blood pH, production of sounds, and excretion of water vapor and heat. The Respiratory System also houses the receptors for smell. 3. What are the consequences of COPD? 1. What role do peripheral chemoreceptors have in the respiratory system’s response to exercise? 2. What is the primary change in the respiratory system with age? Nasal epithelium Oropharynx Nostrils, or external nares Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg Atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg Alveolar pressure = 760 mmHg Alveolar pressure = 758 mmHg Atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg Alveolar pressure = 762 mmHg Summary 393 • Oxygen is transported throughout the body bound mainly to hemoglobin in red blood cells (98.5%); only a small percent- age travels in solution.
eBook - PDF- Ann Scott, Elizabeth Fong(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Lymphatic System ■ Normal defense mechanisms respond to any respiratory infections. Digestive System ■ The pharynx is the common passageway for food and air. ■ Oxygen supplied by the Respiratory System and nutrients from the digestive system provide the cells with energy. Urinary System ■ Assists the Respiratory System in maintaining the pH level in the blood Reproductive System ■ Respiratory rate increases with sexual activity. ■ The fetus obtains oxygen through the placenta of the mother. How the Respiratory System Interacts with Other Body Systems Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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