Biological Sciences
Viral Vector Vaccine
A viral vector vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a modified virus to deliver genetic material into the body's cells. This genetic material then instructs the cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. This approach can be used to develop vaccines against various infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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10 Key excerpts on "Viral Vector Vaccine"
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Clinical gene transfer state of the art
- Odile Cohen-Haguenauer(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- EDP Sciences(Publisher)
Systems biology offers a new approach to investi- gate immune responses on a more global scale. It recently proved efficient to better un- derstand and even predict immune responses to vaccination with attenuated or inactivated viruses in humans. Here, we review and discuss systems vaccinology and its translation to the study of immune responses to viral vectors. In vaccination, besides attenuated or inactivated pathogens used to induce immunity against homologous pathogens, recombinant viral vectors can deliver heterologous antigens and be used for vaccination against heterologous pathogens. Two types of immune responses are developed, one against the proteins of the viral vectors, and one against the expressed genes that can be the transgene only or a mixture of the transgene and some vector genes. The antigens are expressed directly inside host cells, as during natural infection. Antigens so expressed are made available to the intracellular anti- gen-processing machinery, allowing processing of the antigen and binding the resulting 420 peptides into major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, allowing their pres- entation to T-cells and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In gene therapy, similar types of vectors are often used, the antigen being replaced by a transgene cod- ing for a therapeutic protein. The immune response against viral vectors themselves is problematic for both vector purposes, while there is a conflict of interests regarding the immune responses to the transgene that are required for vaccination and feared for gene therapy. VIRAL VECTORS IMMUNOGENICITY Recombinant viral vectors have several features that make them excellent immunogens and vehicles for vaccine delivery. First, by nature, viruses have evolved to efficiently in- fect cells and express their genome.
eBook - PDF- Dr. Roy Sleator(Author)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
C h a p t e r 10 Viral Pathogens as Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles Helen O’Shea* Abstract T he term patho-biotechnology describes the exploitation of pathogenic bacteria for beneficial applications in food and biomedicine. We propose extending this definition to include viruses, for several reasons. Viruses, as well as providing a threat to human and animal health, can be used for benefit, via the generation of recombinant viruses. Recent advances in molecular biology have made it possible to manipulate and introduce DNA into cells and organisms. An extension of this approach is to use this technology to manipulate viruses to carry ‘foreign’ genes (transgenes) into defective cells, in order to correct defects. Several different viruses have been used as viral vectors (mainly Retroviruses, Adenoviruses, Adeno-Associated Virus, Herpes Simplex virus and Vaccinia virus). All of these viruses have advantages and disadvantages, due to their inherent properties (i.e., size constraints, cell tropism, risk of cell transformation, toxic products and immune response generated). The biology of each virus, how it interacts with the host and the generation of the immune response, are all factors that must be taken into account when considering a particular viral vector. Viral vectors have enormous potential for the delivery of therapeutic genes into diseased tissues. However, further development, especially regarding safety issues, will be required in many instances, before gene therapy becomes standard. Introduction Virology is a rapidly developing area and disease prevention is a major goal for virologists. Advances in recombinant DNA technology e.g., Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Real Time PCR (RT-PCR), have contributed enormously to the area, as well as improved diagnostic methods, many developed as a result of use of monoclonal antibody technology (e.g., agglutination tests, ELISAs).
eBook - PDF- Nicholas H. Acheson(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Compounds that block virus attachment, uptake, uncoating, DNA or RNA replication, assembly, and release are now available for use against specific viruses. A number of viruses have been adapted for use as vectors. This involves deleting certain viral genes and inserting into the viral genome an expression cassette that contains control sequences and foreign genes to be expressed. Propagation of the resulting vector usually requires coinfection with a wild-type virus or expression of missing viral proteins by the infected cell. Chapter 37 discusses vectors made from adenoviruses, retroviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Gene replacement therapy for genetic diseases has seen some recent success, and a variety of virus vectors directed against human cancers are being developed. 428 Vaccine From Latin vacca (cow), because vaccinia virus was thought to be cowpox virus Vaccination is the most effective means available for prevention of viral infections. Smallpox and rabies vaccines were groundbreaking developments in medical history. Serious adverse effects following immunization are rare but sometimes important. Requiring vaccination when no vaccine is 100% safe raises ethical issues. MODERN VACCINE PRODUCTION Virus production in cultured cells or embryonated eggs. Sophisticated virus purification and detection methods. Genetic engineering to modulate virus pathogenicity, infectivity, or immunogenicity. Production of viral proteins in bacteria, yeast, or eukaryotic cell expression systems. Production of viruses, virus-like particles, or viral proteins in plants. TYPES OF ANTIVIRAL VACCINES Live wild-type viruses that infect other animals but are attenuated in humans. Live attenuated human viruses with mutations that reduce virulence. Inactivated viruses: retain immunogenicity but are no longer infective. Subunit vaccines: contain one or more viral proteins but no viral genome. DNA vaccines: express immunogenic viral proteins but cannot generate virus.
eBook - PDFPharmaceutical Biotechnology
Fundamentals and Applications, Third Edition
- Daan J. A. Crommelin, Robert D. Sindelar, Bernd Meibohm, Daan J. A. Crommelin, Robert D. Sindelar, Bernd Meibohm(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Both bacteria and viruses can be used for this purpose; some of them are listed in Table 5. Live vectored vaccines are created by recombinant tech-nology, wherein one or more genes of the vector organism are replaced by one or more protective genes from the pathogen. Administration of such live vectored vaccines results in efficient and prolonged expression of the antigenic genes either by the vaccinated individual’s own cells or by the vector organism itself (e.g., in case of bacteria as carriers). Most experience has been acquired with vaccinia virus by using the principle that is schematically shown in Figure 5. Advantages of vaccinia virus as vector include ( i ) its proven safety in humans as a smallpox vaccine, ( ii ) the possibility for multiple immunogen expression, ( iii ) the ease of production, ( iv ) its relative heat-resistance, and ( v ) its various possible administration routes. A multi-tude of live recombinant vaccinia vaccines with viral and tumor antigens have been constructed (Sutter and Staib, 2003), several of which have been tested in the clinic. It has been demonstrated that the products of genes coding for viral envelope proteins can be correctly processed and inserted into the plasma membrane of infected cells. Problems related with the side effects or immunogenicity of Vector Antigens from Advantages of vector Disadvantages of vector Viral Vaccinia RSV, HIV, VSV, rabies virus, HSV, influenza virus, EBV, Plasmodium spp.
eBook - PDF- Ming Wei, David Good, Ming Wei, David Good(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
Section 2 Gene Therpay Using Viral Vectors Chapter 5 Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development Qiana L. Matthews, Linlin Gu, Alexandre Krendelchtchikov and Zan C. Li Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54700 1. Introduction Recombinant vectors can be used to deliver antigens and to stimulate immune responses in humans. Viral vectors possess various intrinsic properties which may lend to advantages and disadvantages for usage for a given therapeutic application [reviewed by Larocca and Schlom] [1]. The safety and flexibility of recombinant viral vectors have lead to their usage in gene therapy, virotherapy, and vaccine applications. In this chapter, we will discuss the utility and importance of recombinant vectors as vaccine agents. This chapter will highlight some of the uses of recombinant viral vectors for therapeutic vaccines; and will mostly focus on the application of a range of recombinant viral vectors for prophylactic vaccines against infectious agents. More specifically, this chapter will focus in depth on the use of recombinant adenovirus (Ad) for vaccine development against infectious agents. 2. Gene therapy vectors and oncolytic vectors Viruses can be used as gene delivery tools for a variety of diseases and conditions [1]. Most viruses are naturally immunogenic and can be engineered to express genes that modulate the immune system or express tumor antigen transgenes. Human Ad vectors have been widely used as vehicles for gene therapy [2]. Replication-defective Ads were the first vectors to be evaluated for in vivo gene transfer in a wide variety of preclinical models. For instance, Stratford-Perricaudet, and group reported efficient, long-term in vivo gene transfer throughout mouse skeletal and cardiac muscles after intravenous administration of a recombinant Ad vector [3].
eBook - PDF- Moses P. Adoga(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
5 Viral Vectors in Neurobiology: Therapeutic and Research Applications Renata Coura Centre de Neuroscience Paris Sud – CNPS – Université Paris Sud XI France 1. Introduction 1.1 History and definition of viral vectors Viruses are intracellular parasites with simple DNA or RNA genomes (Figure 1A). Three steps compose virus life cycle: infection of a host cell, replication of its genome within the host cell environment, and formation of new virions (Figure 1B). This process is often but Fig. 1. Virus. (A) Structure. Simplified scheme of virus structure, with a lipid envelope that can be present or not; a protein-composed capsid and the genetic material, that can be DNA or RNA, double or single strand. (B) Life cycle. Example of the course of adeno-associated virus (AAV) productive infection. Scheme showing the eight steps of AAV transduction of host cells: (1) viral binding to a membrane receptor/co-receptor; (2) endocytosis of the virus by the host cell; (3) virus intracellular trafficking through the endosomal compartment; (4) escape of the virus from the endosome; (5) virion uncoating; (6) entry into the nucleus; (7) viral genome conversion from a single-stranded to a double-stranded genome; and (8) integration into the host genome or permanence of an episomal form capable of expressing an encoded gene (from Coura and Nardi, 2008). Molecular Virology 76 not always associated with pathogenic effects against the host organism. Nevertheless, since the mid-1980s, a likely useful role for virus has been envisaged. The idea is to use the unique virus capacity to enter the cell and to replicate their genome to construct vectors, containing the viral envelope and a recombinant genome, so that these vectors could be able to deliver genetic material into cells. Then, recombinant viral vectors are created in which genes essential for viral replication are removed and a gene of interest is inserted in the viral genome (Figure 2).
eBook - PDF- Ronald W. Ellis(Author)
- 2001(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
This approach can potentially ameliorate the vector immunity problem while utilizing the best fea tures of each vaccine system. New Vaccine Technologies , edited by Ronald W. Ellis. ©2001 Eurekah.com. Live Viral Vectors 101 Another potential advantage of viral vectored vaccines is the ability to insert multiple genes and epitopes into the same vector, thereby creating a multivalent vaccine that also will provide protection against the vector itself. An important feature of such a vaccine is reduced production costs. One of the drawbacks is vector immunity, a serious problem whereby pre existing immunity prevents an initial immune response, and repeated immunizations elicit diminishing responses. It can sometimes be overcome by boosting via a different route, boost ing with a vector of a different serotype, or by using a combination approach that employs an alternate viral vector or vaccine type. Vaccination with live viral vectors in the presence of maternal antibodies is also a problem, which needs to be addressed when the vaccine is targeted for early infancy. Many live viral vectors offer the advantage of convenient modes of delivery (such as oral, nasal or rectal) rather than needle injection. The ability of most Viral Vector Vaccines to be delivered without adjuvant is also advantageous. The necessity of producing the vaccine in cell culture can offer advantages and disadvantages. Viruses that can be grown to high titer and are designed to be multivalent may be inexpensive to produce. Since the exog enous antigens are expressed within the host after vaccination, elaborate purification protocols are not necessary. However, separation of virus from cell substrate material is desirable, and can introduce another step in the manufacturing process. For many viral vectors the shelf life of the virus is limited and the need for a cold chain creates an additional cost.
eBook - PDF- Pedro R. Lowenstein, Maria G. Castro, Pedro R. Lowenstein, Maria G. Castro(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
1 Immune Responses to Viral Vectors: Implications for Neurological Gene Therapy Jeffrey Zirger, Carlos Barcia-Gonzalez, Mariana Puntel, Kurt Kroeger, Weidong Xiong, Terry Kang, Tamer Fakhouri, A. K. M. Ghulam Muhammad, Chunyan Liu, Jose ´e Bergeron, Stephen Johnson, Maria G. Castro, and Pedro R. Lowenstein Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Departments of Medicine, and Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION Gene therapy presents a new approach to alter the consequences of defective gene expression and to utilize nucleic acids as therapeutic tools. Over the course of the last decade there have been many new techniques developed for the transfer of therapeutic genes into cells, derived from the modified viruses, or artificial non-viral liposome-based approaches. Non-viral methods have advanced much in the last few years; however, its efficiency remains below that achieved by virus-derived methods. Viral-derived gene transfer vectors have become reliable tools for gene transfer. Many of the vectors used as vehicles in gene therapy, including the retrovirus, lentivirus, adeno-associated virus, and herpes simplex virus are derived from pathogenic viruses from humans as well as other species (1). Each vector system has its particular target tissue. For transduction of continually dividing bone marrow cells, a retroviral or lentiviral vector ought to be used, while for the transduction of terminally differentiated muscle or brain cells, adenoviral and AAV-derived vectors are ideal. Lentivirus-derived vectors can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, thus making this system a choice for the transduction of most organ systems. However, the derivation of these vectors from pathogenic viruses such as HIV raises concerns on its acceptance by human patients.
eBook - PDF- Firdos Alam Khan(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
97 Chapter four: Virology and vaccines 4.8.1.5 Other vaccines Recently, various efforts have been made to make vaccines in different ways. An immune response can be achieved by introducing a protein subunit rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated microorganism. Examples include the subunit vaccine against hepatitis B virus that is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus (previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients, but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast), the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against HPV that is composed of the virus capsid protein, and the hemagglutinin and neuramini-dase subunits of the influenza virus. The vaccine can also be prepared by conjugating certain bacteria that have polysaccha-ride outer coats that are poorly immunogenic. Moreover, by connecting these outer coats to proteins, for example, toxins, the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccha-ride as if it were a protein antigen. Interestingly, this approach is used in the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine development. Furthermore, by similar methods, dendritic cell vac-cines can also be made by combining dendritic cells with antigens in order to present the antigens to the body’s white blood cells, thus stimulating an immune reaction. These vac-cines have shown certain positive preliminary results for treating brain tumors. Moreover, vaccines can be monovalent or univalent or multivalent in nature. A monovalent vaccine can immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism, whereas a multivalent vaccine is developed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms, respectively. In certain cases, it has been observed that a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong immune response.
eBook - PDFHandbook of Nanophysics
Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics
- Klaus D. Sattler(Author)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
2 -9 Vaibhav Saini National Cancer Institute at Frederick Maaike Everts University of Alabama at Birmingham 2 -2 Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics 2.2 Background Viruses have long been recognized as pathogens that lie on the boundary between living and nonliving entities. The viral genome is a fascinating subject, as it can be composed of either single- or double-stranded molecule(s) of either RNA or DNA. Thus, viruses are amenable for genetic manipulation. The real-ization of this opportunity to genetically engineer viruses has led to the development of viral vectors, containing targeting, imaging, and therapeutic genes, which have been utilized for gene therapy of a variety of diseases, including cancer (Saini et al. 2007). In this regard, it has been recognized that novel therapeutic systems are necessary to achieve cancer eradication. To this end, advancement in nanotechnology harbors well for the development of novel cancer therapies that can be combined with gene therapy. In the following text, we will present exam-ples of the applications of nanotechnology and viral biology in a variety of fields, such as electronics, basic biology, and cancer therapy (Figure 2.1). A few terms that have been used in this article are defined below: Gene therapy : A branch of science that deals with achieving therapy by delivering genetic material (DNA or RNA) to target cells. Viro-nano therapy : A combination of viral biology and nano-technology to achieve therapy of diseases. Multifunctional nanoscale agent : A nanodimensional device capable of multiple functions, such as targeting, imaging, and therapy. 2.3 Assembly of Nanoparticles and Viruses into Multicomponent Systems In order to utilize inorganic NP and organic viral characteris-tics simultaneously, it is beneficial to combine these two distinct constituents into a single multicomponent system.
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