Chemistry
Ester Reaction
Esterification is a chemical reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, typically catalyzed by an acid or base, to form an ester and water. This reaction is important in the synthesis of fragrances, flavors, and polymers, and is also used in the production of biodiesel. Ester reactions are reversible and can be influenced by factors such as temperature and concentration.
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2 Key excerpts on "Ester Reaction"
eBook - PDF- Vivek Patel(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
Part 4 Recent Developments 12 Recent Developments on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Esterification Reaction Promoted by Various Catalysts Zuoxiang Zeng, Li Cui, Weilan Xue, Jing Chen and Yu Che Institute of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.R.China 1. Introduction Esters have played a significant role in daily living and chemical industry, such as plasticizers, fragrance, adhesive and lubricants (Joseph et al., 2005; Mbaraka & Shanks, 2006; Krause et al., 2009; Marti ́ nez et al., 2011). The vast majority of esters can be prepared using esterification reaction in the chemical engineering industry. Esterification has acquired further improvement from the engineering side; this mainly depends on the research of esterification kinetics. On the other hand, the need to control chemical reactions at the molecular level, which depends critically on the catalytic mechanism, is rapidly increasing (Salciccioli et al., 2011). In the recent years, various esterification mechanisms were proposed for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Base on the mechanism, numerous kinetic models have been developed to represent the kinetic behaviors of esterification, such as simple orders or the power-law model, the pseudo-homogeneous model, the L-H model, the E-R model, etc. Herein, we review the mechanisms of esterification catalyzed by inorganic acid, Lewis acid, metallic compounds, solid acids, ion-exchange resin, respectively. Meanwhile, the kinetics for each esterification is also conducted in detail. The study on the mechanism of various catalysts is not only useful in the present applications but it is required to enhance the scope of their applications. Therefore, it is desired to research and develop more efficient catalysts for high yield ester production, under mild reaction conditions. The esterification kinetics is important for simulation and design of a reactor.
- R.G. Compton, C.H. Bamford, C.F.H. Tipper†(Authors)
- 1972(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
Chupter 2 Hydrolysis and Formation of Esters of Organic Acids A. J. K I R B Y 1. Introduction The hydrolysis and formation of esters have been studied more often than any other chemical reaction. The history of this work is a history of our grow- ing understanding of reactions in solution, for the reaction has been a tradi- tional proving ground for theories of chemical action’-3. As a result there is available a vast wealth of data, widely scattered over time and journal. It is the aim of this chapter to bring together in one place a representative selection of these data, to set them in the perspective of an overall view of the subject, and to offer the interpretation of each type of reaction that seems most accept- able in the light of our present knowledge. 1 have tried to be as generous with the original data as with its interpretation, so that this part of the chapter may be of lasting value. As to the interpretation, I have not hesitated to draw my own conclusions, or to extend those of other authors. What emerges is a close- to self-consistent picture of the reaction, from hydro1y:iis in alkarine solution to the goings-on in very strong acid, at least at the level of over-simplification that the writer finds most congenial. 2. Ester hydrolysis and formation in strongly acidic media Simple carboxylic acids and their esters, in common with other neutral or- ganic compounds of oxygen, are weak bases. As such they are completely protonated only in very strongly acidic media, like 100% sulphuric acid. The concentrations of the protonated forms may be kinetically significant at pHs as high as 3-4, but the hydrolysis reactions are only fast enough for convenient measurement in the presence of hydronium ion concenlrations of the order of 0.1 M or above.
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