Fluoranthene

3 Key excerpts on "Fluoranthene"

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  eBook - PDF

  Handbook of Water Analysis

  • Leo M.L. Nollet, Leen S. P. De Gelder, Leo M.L. Nollet, Leen S. P. De Gelder(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  In addition, benzo[ c ]phenanthrene and fluoro-anthene were suspected of being carcinogenic. The carcinogenicity of acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[ ghi ]Fluoranthene, benzo[ a ]fluorene, benzo[ b ]fluorene, benzo[ e ]pyrene, coronene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene was considered questionable. Of these, naphthalene was considered to be noncarcinogenic due to its negative genotoxicity; the others were further evaluated. In its final evalua-tion, the IPCS found that next to naphthalene, anthracene, benzo[ ghi ]Fluoranthene, benzo[ ghi ]perylene, fluorene, 1-methylphenanthrene, perylene, and triphenylene should be considered noncarcinogenic [18]. The biological activities of a given PAH depends a lot on its structure. The PAHs have a wide variety of structures and these structural differences have a great effect on their reactivity and hence their bio-logical action. The ability of the compound to bind to the DNA molecule is directly proportional to its carcinogenicity [26]. The chemical structure plays a very important role in the binding of a given PAH to the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This is a helix–loop–helix transcription factor that is a member of the Per–Arnt–Sim family of transcription factors. PAHs with phenanthrene structure fused to at least one benzo ring have been found to have the strongest DNA binding effect. The compounds that fall into this category can be divided into two classes, namely, those that possess a bay region and those that possess a fjord region. A good example of a PAH with a bay region is benzo[ a ]pyrene as shown in Figure 28.1, and a good example of fjord (or hindered bay) region compound is dibenzo[ a , l ]pyrene as shown in Figure 28.3. The bay region and the fjord region are the two structural attributes that effect positively the bind-ing of PAHs to the DNA and consequently increases the carcinogenicity of a given compound.

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  eBook - ePub

  Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis

  • Yolanda Picó(Author)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier Science

    (Publisher)

  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large class of well-known carcinogenic compounds. These compounds are mainly formed by pyrolytic processes, especially the incomplete combustion of organic matter through natural and anthropogenic processes, such as forest fires, processing of coal and crude oil, vehicle traffic, residential heating, industrial power generating, cooking, smoking and so on. Some PAHs are commercially used as intermediates in industrial manufacturing. Naphthalene (Naph), anthracene (An) and phenanthrene (Phe) are used as raw materials in the production of dye, celluloid, lubricants, fibres, plastics and insecticides. However, the amounts of PAHs for commercial use are much less than those generated by incomplete combustion.

  Owing to their widespread distribution in the environment, PAHs have been detected in air [1 –5] , sediment [6 –9] , soil [10 –15] , indoor air [16 –18] and daily diet [19 –24] and almost everywhere in the environment.

  PAHs contain two or more fused aromatic rings in their chemical structures, and have several hundred structural isomers. A number of PAHs and their related compounds have been detected in the environment. Among them, PAHs containing 24 or fewer ring carbon atoms (e.g., benz[a ]anthracene, B[a ]A; benzo[a ]pyrene, B[a ]P; dibenzo[ah ]pyrene, DB[ah ]P) have been chosen as target compounds for environmental monitoring owing to their biological effects. As a number of PAHs have proved to be mutagenic and/or carcinogenic and are considered to be major potential causes of cancer in humans, the occurrence of PAHs in the environment is of concern for public health in general.

  The fact that cancer could be due to exogenous causes was brought to light in 1775 by Sir Percival Pott [25] . He found that scrotal cancer in his patients, chimneysweepers, might be induced by professional exposure to soot and tar. The first experimental proof in animals to support this clinical impression was achieved by Yamagiwa and Ichikawa [26] in 1915. They succeeded in inducing neoplastic changes by patient application of coal tar to the ears of rabbits. The fact that pure chemical compounds might induce cancer in mammals was first demonstrated by Kennaway in 1930 [27] , in seeking of carcinogens in high-boiling fractions of coal tar distillates. A few years later, Cook et al. [28] identified B[a

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  Handbook of Food Analysis

  Volume 2: Residues and Other Food Component Analysis

  • Leo M.L. Nollet(Author)
  • 2004(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  38 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food Katsumi Tamakawa Sendai City Institute of Public Health, Sendai, Japan I. INTRODUCTION Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds containing two or more fused aromatic rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are ubi-quitous environmental pollutants and are a major class of environmental hazardous compounds due to their known or suspected carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity. PAHs are generally produced by incom-plete combustion of material such as the burning of fossil fuels, and other forms of organic matter. They are also diffused into the environment through natural and anthropogenic processes and have been detected in air (1–6), water (7–10), soil (11–17), indoor air (18–20), work places (21–23), food, and elsewhere. Although it was suggested that PAHs could be synthesized biolog-ically from bacteria, plants, and seaweed as their metabolites, this origin is not fully accepted, yet (24). Some PAHs are commercially used as intermediates in production processes. That is, phenanthrene (Phe) for pesticides, acenaphthene (Ace) and pyrene (Py) for pigments, anthracene (An) and flouranthene (Flu) for dyes, and naphthalene (Naph) for plasticizer pro-duction. Considering their amount used for produc-tion, PAHs detected in the environment are mainly a result of incomplete combustion rather than from com-mercial use. Primary anthropogenic sources of PAHs include: motor vehicle exhaust, products from petro-leum refineries, industrial machinery manufactures, coke production, anode baking for aluminum, envi-ronmental tobacco smoke, barbecue smoke, etc. (25). The emissions of benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P) into the air in the Federal Republic of Germany were estimated to be 18 tonnes. About 30% was caused by coke production, and 58% by heating with coal (26).

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