Chemistry
Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a chemical compound with the formula N2O. It is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste. Nitrous oxide is commonly used as an anesthetic and analgesic in medical and dental procedures, as well as in the food industry as a propellant in whipped cream dispensers.
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8 Key excerpts on "Nitrous Oxide"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Learning Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 5 Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxide IUPAC name Dinitrogen monoxide Other names Laughing gas Identifiers CAS number 10024-97-2 PubChem 948 ChemSpider 923 UNII K50XQU1029 UN number 1070 (compressed) 2201 (liquid) KEGG D00102 ChEBI CHEBI:17045 RTECS number QX1350000 ATC code N01AX13 Properties Molecular formula N 2 O Molar mass 44.013 g/mol Appearance colorless gas Density 1.977 g/L (gas) Melting point –90.86 °C (182.29 K) ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Boiling point –88.48 °C (184.67 K) Solubility in water 0.15 g/100 ml (15 °C) Solubility soluble in alcohol, ether, sulfuric acid log P 0.35 Vapor pressure 5150 kPa (20 °C) Refractive index ( n D ) 1.330 Structure Molecular shape linear, C ∞v Dipole moment 0.166 D Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation Δ f H o 298 +82.05 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy S o 298 219.96 J K –1 mol –1 Pharmacology Routes of administration Inhalation Metabolism 0.004% Elimination half-life 5 minutes Excretion Respiratory Pregnancy category C (US) Hazards MSDS Ilo.org, ICSC 0067 EU Index Oxidant [ O ] Flash point Non-flammable Related compounds Related nitrogen oxides Nitric oxide Dinitrogen trioxide Nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen tetroxide Dinitrogen pentoxide Related compounds Ammonium nitrate Azide Nitrous Oxide , commonly known as laughing gas or sweet air , is a chemical compound with the formula N 2 O. It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as laughing gas due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anesthetic. It is also used as an oxidizer in rocketry and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 14 Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxide IUPAC name Dinitrogen monoxide Other names Laughing gas Identifiers CAS number 10024-97-2 PubChem 948 ChemSpider 923 UNII K50XQU1029 UN number 1070 (compressed) 2201 (liquid) KEGG D00102 ChEBI CHEBI:17045 RTECS number QX1350000 ATC code N01AX13 Properties Molecular formula N 2 O Molar mass 44.013 g/mol Appearance colorless gas Density 1.977 g/L (gas) Melting point – 90.86 °C (182.29 K) ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Boiling point – 88.48 °C (184.67 K) Solubility in water 0.15 g/100 ml (15 °C) Solubility soluble in alcohol, ether, sulfuric acid log P 0.35 Vapor pressure 5150 kPa (20 °C) Refractive index ( n D ) 1.330 Structure Molecular shape linear, C ∞v Dipole moment 0.166 D Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation Δ f H o 298 +82.05 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy S o 298 219.96 J K –1 mol –1 Pharmacology Routes of administration Inhalation Metabolism 0.004% Elimination half-life 5 minutes Excretion Respiratory Pregnancy category C (US) Hazards MSDS Ilo.org, ICSC 0067 EU Index Oxidant [ O ] Flash point Non-flammable Related compounds Related nitrogen oxides Nitric oxide Dinitrogen trioxide Nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen tetroxide Dinitrogen pentoxide Related compounds Ammonium nitrate Azide Nitrous Oxide , commonly known as laughing gas or sweet air , is a chemical compound with the formula N 2 O. It is an oxide of nitrogen. At ro om temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as laughing gas due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property th at has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anesthetic. It is also used as an oxidizer in rocketry and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines. At elevated temperatures, Nitrous Oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxy gen.
- Ian McConachie(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
Pharmacology Nitrous Oxide is a sweet-smelling, colorless gas that is administered by inhalation. Although it is relatively insoluble in blood (blood:gas partition coefficient of 0.46, similar to desflurane), it has low potency as an anesthetic agent with a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 104% at standard temperature and pressure, but it does have documented analgesic properties. The precise mechanisms and sites of Nitrous Oxide’s analgesia are unknown; however, it has been postulated that release of endogenous opioids in the brainstem, dopamine modulation, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism may all be involved. Nitrous Oxide does Controversies in Obstetric Anesthesia and Analgesia, ed. Ian McConachie. Published by Cambridge University Press. © Cambridge University Press 2012 196 not cause significant skeletal muscle relaxation when compared to the volatile inhalational anesthetics. Nitrous Oxide is easily administered to parturients using a facemask or mouthpiece and a tank or wall supply of N 2 O/O 2 mixture. * The most commonly used mixture is 50% Nitrous Oxide and 50% oxygen, which if supplied in a pre-mixed cylinder is known as Entonox (first used in 1961) and if mixed by a blender from pipeline wall supply is termed Nitronox. Most Nitrous Oxide/oxygen delivery systems are equipped with a demand valve and scaveng- ing system to minimize environmental contamination during use. Nitrous Oxide undergoes scant metabolism in humans and as such is exhaled essentially unchanged. This exhaled gas is another potential source of environmental contamination. The peak analgesic effect of inhaled Nitrous Oxide occurs approximately 50 seconds after inhalation, and therefore timing of administration of the drug during contractions is important to maximize benefit. Delivering continuous Nitrous Oxide during labor avoids this problem but has side effects, including dysphoria, drowsiness, and dizziness, which are considered unacceptable by most.
eBook - PDF- William Charney(Author)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Heinsohn San Francisco Department of Public Health D.L. Jewett University of California, San Francisco Inhalation Anesthesia Agents Edward W. Finucane Introduction and Background Considerable valid concern exists for the potential harm—particularly to certain categories of exposed individuals—that could occur as a result of an exposure to volatile inhalation anesthesia agents. Included in this general broad category of chemicals are the following seven, tabulated below, along with some of their more important physical properties. Nitrous Oxide Synonyms: Laughing gas, hyponitrous acid anhydride, factitious air, and/or hippie crack Name and formula: Dinitrogen monoxide or Nitrous Oxide: N 2 O Structure: N ∫ O = N Physical properties: Boiling point = −88.5°C (gas at room temperature) Molecular weight = 44.01 amu 17 -2 Handbook of Modern Hospital Safety Gaseous Nitrous Oxide specific gravity = 1.53 (the specific gravity of air = 1.00); Colorless gas with a slightly sweetish odor and taste Normally supplied in metal cylinders containing a vapor phase above a liquid phase, at an approximate internal pressure of 800 psig. Halothane Synonyms: Fluothane and/or rhodialothan Name and formula: 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane: C 2 HBrClF 3 Structure: F Br | | F –C–C– F | | F Cl Physical properties: Boiling point = 50.2°C (liquid at room temperature) Molecular weight = 197.39 amu Liquid density = 1.871 g/cm 3 Nonflammable and highly volatile liquid, with a sweetish but not wholly unpleasant odor Normally supplied in specially keyed glass bottles.
eBook - PDF- L F Tseong(Author)
- 1995(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
17 Nitrous Oxide and Endogenous Opioid Peptides Raymond M. Quock 1 and Linda K. Vaughn 2 1 Department ofBiomedical Sciences, University ofIllinois College of 'Medicine at Rockford,Rockford, Illinois 61107-1897, USA 2 Department ofBasic Sciences, Marquette University School ofDentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 5323 3-2188, USA INTRODUCTION More than two centuries of experimental and clinical research have documented the primary pharmacological and toxicological effects of Nitrous Oxide (N 2 0). N 2 0 is one of the simplest inorganic chemicals that is utilized clinically, consisting of a pair of nitrogen atoms bound to a single oxygen atom. N 2 0 was identified by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), one of the founders of modern chemistry, who also identified oxygen (0 2 ). Priestley inhaled N 2 0 himself and called it dephlogisticated nitrous air. The first suggestion of a potential clinical role for N 2 0 was made by Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829), the English chemist who explored the medical properties of gases. In 1800 as Superintendent of the Medical Pneumatic Institute in London, Davy summarized his studies in a 580-page treatise entitled Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide, or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air, and Its Respiration (Smith, 1965; Frost, 1985). Like Priestley, Davy experimented with N 2 0 on himself and experienced the physiological and behavioral effects of N 2 0. Under the influence of N 2 0, he described a sense of exhilaration similar to that produced by a small dose of wine accompanied by giddiness and a great disposition to laugh. Davy also made note of the ability of N 2 0 to relieve headache and toothache in himself and suggested that Nitrous Oxide... appears capable of destroying physical pain... [and] may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place (Smith, 1965). However, Davy's suggestion went unheeded for several decades.
- Ari Kupietzky(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Blackwell(Publisher)
Its use is not limited to pedi-atric specialists. The results from a survey conducted by the Academy of General Dentistry demonstrated that about 74% of American dentists used N 2 O–oxygen seda-tion (Lynch 2007). Thus, in contrast to earlier studies, N 2 O is used by more practitioners and used more fre-quently than before. Its utilization is likely to continue, and it will probably increase. N 2 O Historic Milestones N 2 O has an interesting history of use and abuse after it was first synthesized by Joseph Priestley in 1772 nearly 250 years ago. Sir Humphrey Davy was the first to report on the pleasurable and unusual sensations following the inha-lation of N 2 O and coined the term “laughing gas.” In the early 1840s, a dentist named Horace Wells made the first practical use of N 2 O having his own tooth extracted while inhaling N 2 O (Archer 1944). Although the analgesic properties of N 2 O were recog-nized for some time, the risk of asphyxia when using it as the sole anesthetic agent prevented its use for lengthy operations. However, in 1868, Chicago surgeon Edmund W. Andrews published the results of a large survey which suggested that the anesthetic use of ether and chloro-form would be safer by combining these agents with 70% N 2 O and 30% oxygen. This extended the anesthetic time for longer operations, and the notion of balanced anesthesia was born. At about the same time, gas machines were introduced, making anesthesia more convenient. Dentistry took advantage of this progress. Before the turn of the century, a limited number of den-tists were beginning to use N 2 O and oxygen for cavity preparations. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the primary interest in N 2 O was in its analgesic properties (Langa 1968). Most discussions concerning N 2 O stressed the analgesic and anesthetic properties for extractions. Dental offices remained dependent upon N 2 O for pain con-trol until the introduction of local anesthesia.
eBook - ePubA Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines
containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice
- Andrew Ure(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Perlego(Publisher)
Nitrous gas, Nitric oxide (Deutoxide d’azote, Fr.; Stickstoffoxyd, Germ.); is a gaseous body which may be obtained by pouring upon copper or mercury, in a retort, nitric acid of moderate strength. The nitrous gas comes over in abundance without the aid of heat, and may be received over water freed from air, or over mercury, in the pneumatic trough. It is elastic and colourless; what taste and smell it possesses are unknown, because the moment it is exposed to the mouth or nostrils, it absorbs atmospherical oxygen, and becomes nitrous or nitric acid. Its specific gravity is 1·0393, or 1·04; whence 100 cubic inches weigh 36·66 gr. Water condenses not more than 1 ⁄20 of its volume of this gas. It extinguishes animal life, and the flame of many combustibles; but of phosphorus well kindled, it brightens the flame in a most remarkable degree. It consists of 47 parts of nitrogen gas, and 53 of oxygen gas, by weight; and of equal parts in bulk, without any condensation; so that the specific gravity of deutoxide of nitrogen is the arithmetical mean of the two constituents. The constitution of this gas, and the play of affinities which it exercises in the formation of sulphuric acid, are deeply interesting to the chemical manufacturer.The Hyponitrous acid (Salpetrigesaüre, Germ.), like the preceding compound, deserves notice here, on account of the part it plays in the conversion of sulphur into sulphuric acid, by the agency of nitre. It is formed by mingling four volumes of deutoxide of nitrogen with one volume of oxygen; and appears as a dark orange vapour which is condensable into a liquid at a temperature of 4° -zero, Fahr. When distilled, this liquid leaves a dark yellow fluid. The pure hyponitrous acid consists of 37·12 nitrogen, and 62·88 oxygen; or of two volumes of the first, and three of the second. Water converts it into nitric acid and deutoxide of nitrogen; the latter of which escapes with effervescence. This acid oxidizes most combustible bodies with peculiar energy and though its vapour does not operate upon dry sulphurous acid, yet, through the agency of steam it converts it into sulphuric acid, itself being simultaneously transformed into deutoxide of nitrogen; ready to become hyponitrous acid again, and to perform a circulating series of important metamorphoses. See Sulphuric Acid
eBook - PDF- Susan A Rice(Author)
- 1994(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Anesthetic Toxicity, edited by Susan A. Rice and Kevin J. Fish. Raven Press, Ltd., New York © 1994. Toxicity of Nitrous Oxide Donald D. Koblin Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121 Nitrous Oxide and oxygen gas is unques tionably the safest anesthetic in the world; anybody studying the subject clinically and theoretically knows that. —J.T. Gwathmey, 1906 Although the quotation was written al most a century ago (1), there are many an esthetists who agree with this statement. Nitrous Oxide (N20) remains a commonly used clinical agent, with its advantages in cluding a lack of odor and lack of airway irritation, a low solubility in blood that per mits a rapid induction and emergence from anesthesia, provision of analgesia, and min imal depression of respiration and circula tion. However, the safe administration of N 20 requires a knowledge of its unique physicochemical properties, and under cer tain conditions, the use of N 20 may be harmful. POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF HYPOXIA A key part in the quotation by Gwathmey is the mention of N 20 and oxygen (0 2). N 20 is a weak agent, and a hyperbaric chamber is required to produce the 1.04 atm N 20 (2,3) needed for anesthesia (defined by lack of response to noxious stimuli). Thus, un der normal operating room conditions at the ambient pressure of 1 atm, surgical an esthesia cannot be achieved with N 20 alone while coadministering adequate amounts of 0 2. Hypoxia may result if N 20 /0 2 mixtures are administered at concentrations of N 20 > 80% and 0 2 concentrations < 20% (or even at higher 0 2 concentrations in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease). Al though administration of 100% N 20 was still being employed for brief dental proce dures as late as the 1960s (4), this technique is unacceptable in modern practice, and current standards require monitoring to en sure adequate oxygenation.
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