Chemistry
Solution Representations
Solution representations in chemistry refer to the different ways in which a solution can be described or depicted. This can include using chemical formulas, molecular structures, or concentration units to represent the components of a solution. These representations help chemists understand and communicate the composition and properties of solutions.
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3 Key excerpts on "Solution Representations"
- Stella Vosniadou, Erik De Corte, Robert Glaser, Heinz Mandl(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
4M:Chem. In this section, we describe the system and show how it implements the multiple, linked representation approach to learning chemical equilibrium. In the subsequent section, we examine preliminary evidence that supports the effectiveness of this approach.The environment currently includes four chemical systems: a physical equilibrium, a gas-phase equilibrium, a solution equilibrium, and a heterogeneous equilibrium. These are structured progressively so that students can move from a simple mental model of equilibrium to a more elaborate, complex understanding of the concept (White, 1993).Development on the system continues, but we estimate that in its current form it would take up to 8 hours in lecture and another 5–6 hours in laboratory sessions to thoroughly explore the completed portions. It is designed both for use with projection equipment in the lecture hall and individual work stations in classroom laboratories. In lecture, it is designed to make the class more interactive and engaging. In the classroom laboratory, it allows students, working individually or in small groups, to conduct structured, in-depth investigations of chemical phenomena.FIG. 3.1. Screen display of 4M:Chem showing multiple, linked representations (original in color).The symbol systems or representations that we use include: chemical notation, video of the reactions, molecular-level animations, dynamic graphs, displays of absorption spectra, and tabular data (see Fig. 3.1 for a sample screen display). The software allows learners to act on a chemical system and see the results of these actions propagate across the multiple representations. Let us examine how the use of these representations, individually and together, might act to influence understanding.Symbolic Elements and EventsThere is an operational space we present on the screen called the control window. It contains one representation of the chemical system that students have selected from a menu of available systems; it is expressed in the standard notation of chemists:The equation expresses a relationship between two symbolic entities. The entities and their relationship are, perhaps, yet to be understood by the students. The buttons present the students with two symbolic actions that can be performed on the system: “heat” or “cool.” These symbolic elements and buttons are what we term the literal features
eBook - ePubGeneral Physics
Mechanics and Molecular Physics
- L D Landau, A. I. Akhiezer, E.M. Lifshitz(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Pergamon(Publisher)
CHAPTER XSOLUTIONS
Publisher Summary
Solutions are mixtures of two or more substances in which the substances are mixed on the molecular scale. The relative amounts of the various substances in the mixture may vary over a more or less wide range. If one substance is present in greater quantity than the others, it is called the solvent and the other substances are called solutes. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration that gives the relation between the quantities of the substances in the mixture —the components of the mixture as they are called. The concentration can be defined in various ways. Physically, the most informative is the molar concentration, that is, the ratio of the numbers of molecules or the ratio of the quantities expressed in moles. Alternatively, one may use concentrations by weight, volume, and so on. The mutual solubility of two substances usually has definite limits; no more than a certain amount of solute can dissolve in a given quantity of solvent. A solution containing the maximum possible quantity of solute is said to be saturated. If further solute is added to such a solution, it will not dissolve. Therefore, it can be said that a saturated solution is one that is in thermal equilibrium with the pure solute. The concentration of the saturated solution is a measure of the ability of a given substance to dissolve in the solvent concerned and is simply called the solubility of the substance. The solubility in general depends on the temperature.§77. Solubility
Solutions are mixtures of two or more substances in which the substances are mixed on the molecular scale. The relative amounts of the various substances in the mixture may vary over a more or less wide range. If one substance is present in greater quantity than the others, it is called the solvent , and the other substances are called solutes
eBook - ePubChemical Thermodynamics
Theory and Applications
- W.J. Rankin(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
2 , carbon dioxide and many other elements and compounds; molten steel is a dilute solution of carbon, silicon, manganese, oxygen and other elements in iron.Substances in solution can react with other substances added to the solution in much the same way as the pure substances can react. For example, sodium hydroxide will react with HCl by the same overall reactionNaOH + HCl = NaCl +H 2Owhether the sodium hydroxide is in the solid form or dissolved in water or whether the HCl is in the gaseous state or in solution as hydrochloric acid. However, the extent to which a reaction can occur in solutions depends on the concentrations of the reactants and products and how they interact with other components in the solution. Generally, the components of a solution interact with one another at the atomic, molecular or ionic level either to enhance or reduce the ‘availability’ of each component, and the ‘availability’ of a component is a function of the concentration of the component. As will be seen later the thermodynamic term for ‘availability’ is activity.The composition of solutions is expressed in terms of the concentrations of the components forming the solution. When the concentration of one component is very large compared to that of the others, the major component is referred to as the solvent and minor components as solutes . The concentration of the solvent, if required, is usually calculated by subtracting the concentrations of all the solutes from the total concentration (that is, it is calculated by ‘difference’). In some systems, there is a limit to how much solute can dissolve into the solvent. Once this concentration has been reached any further solute component added will remain undissolved and form a separate phase. The solution in this case is said to be saturated with respect to the solute. In other systems, there can be complete miscibility *
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