Data Encryption
Data encryption is the process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access. It uses algorithms to scramble the information, making it unreadable without the correct decryption key. This technique is widely used to secure sensitive information, such as financial transactions and personal data, and is a fundamental aspect of cybersecurity.
6 Key excerpts on "Data Encryption"
eBook - ePubSurviving Security
How to Integrate People, Process, and Technology
- Amanda Andress(Author)
- 2003(Publication Date)
- Auerbach Publications(Publisher)
...4 CRYPTOGRAPHY AND ENCRYPTION Encryption is the process of scrambling data (or plain text) into an unreadable form (or cipher text). This scrambling process is based on algorithms that use various forms of substitution or transposition to encrypt the message. Algorithms are mathematical constructs that are applied through various applications to secure data transmissions or storage. Decryption is the process of using the same algorithm to restore the information to readable form. Encryption can be used at all levels of a security infrastructure. You can use encryption to protect network communications over the Internet or to help secure an intranet, e-mail, database entries, and files on a workstation or file server. Encryption can provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation for data traveling over a network or stored on a system. Protecting the confidentiality of data means ensuring that only the appropriate people have the ability to see the data. This is usually accomplished by encrypting the data so that it is readable only by the intended recipients. Authentication is the process of proving that you are who you say you are and establishing proof of identity. Authentication can be achieved through the use of passwords, smart cards, biometrics, or a combination thereof. Referring to data integrity means that the data has not been modified in any way, whether in transit or in storage. Message digests, or hashes, are often used to check data integrity. You will learn more about them later in this chapter. An individual can repudiate, or deny participation in, a transaction. If a customer places an order and a non-repudiation security service has not been built in to the system, the customer could deny ever making that purchase...
eBook - ePub- João Manuel R.S. Tavares, Brojo Kishore Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar, Noor Zaman, Manju Khari, João Manuel R.S. Tavares, Brojo Kishore Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar, Noor Zaman, Manju Khari(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Auerbach Publications(Publisher)
...In this mechanism, a trusted third party is selected to have control over the entire conversation. It assures nonrepudiation, which means that the sender cannot deny later that he/she has sent the data earlier (Table 2.1). 2.2 Techniques to Achieve Security Goals Cryptography: The word cryptography comes from the Greek words kryptos meaning “secret writing” and graphein meaning “writing.” Cryptography mainly concerns the security of digital data and information (Coron, 2006). It includes the techniques based on mathematical algorithms that offer essential Internet security services. According to William Stallings (2011), “Cryptography is defined as the subpart of cryptology dealing with the design of algorithms for encryption and decryption, planned to guarantee the secrecy and/or authenticity of message. So, it is the skill of succeeding in terms of security by encoding the messages to make them in a format that is completely non-readable. Earlier, cryptography meant only the encryption and decryption of messages using secret keys, but nowadays it is well defined as containing three different mechanisms: symmetric key encipherment, asymmetric key encipherment, and hashing (Fiskiran and Lee, 2002; Mandal et al., 2012). Symmetric key encipherment: In this mechanism, the encryption and decryption procedures can be done using the identical key. Symmetric key is famous for conventional encryption. Sometimes, it is also known as secret key encipherment or secret key cryptography. In this encipherment, a sender, say A, can send information to another object, say B, over an uncertain channel with the hypothesis that an opponent, say C, cannot understand the contents of the sanded information by simply snooping over the channel. A can encrypt the message using the encryption algorithm and B can decrypt the information using the decryption algorithm. It uses a single secret key for both encryption and decryption...
eBook - ePubImplementing Information Security in Healthcare
Building a Security Program
- Terrell Herzig, Tom Walsh(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- HIMSS Publishing(Publisher)
...C hapter 11 Use of Encryption By Brian Evans, CISSP, CISM, CISA, CGEIT The rise of malicious attacks from insiders and outsiders and the turn from nuisance hacking to profit-driven hacking has dramatically increased the likelihood of vulnerabilities being exploited in damaging ways, reducing the margin of error on technical controls. Failures of information security routinely make headlines and involve increasingly costly response efforts. As a result, information security is now a board-level concern, which has focused the interest in a variety of technical solutions. One technical solution has become a critical component to every healthcare organization—encryption. According to the HIPAA Security Rule, “Encryption means the use of an algorithmic process to transform data into a form in which there is a low probability of assigning meaning without use of a confidential process or key.” 1 Encryption technologies are used to store and transfer data in a secure format, ensuring its protection against compromise or unauthorized access. The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) references stored data or “data at rest” as data residing in databases, file systems, and other structured storage methods; and “data in motion” as data moving through a network, including wireless transmission. 2 While encryption may not be suitable for every situation, healthcare organizations need to have a solid business case for not deploying them. HHS designated encryption as an addressable implementation specification to provide additional flexibility in complying with security standards. Therefore, it is not a HIPAA requirement to encrypt electronic PHI (ePHI)...
eBook - ePubBitcoin for Nonmathematicians:
Exploring the Foundations of Crypto Payments
- Slava Gomzin(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Brown Walker Press (FL)(Publisher)
...Chapter 5 Types of Encryption If you want to keep a secret you must also hide it from yourself. —George Orwell From the name of the classification where bitcoin belongs—cryptocurrency—it is already clear that “crypto” is the most important component of bitcoin. But what does this mean exactly? Obviously, without an answer to this question, we will hardly be able to move on to other components of cryptocurrencies. Two of the three main areas of information security theory—confidentiality and integrity—are essential for cryptocurrency design. The third one—availability—is also consequential, though often forgotten. Availability à la bitcoin means that your money is never lost as long as you have access to your secret key—your bitcoin address. The beauty of bitcoin is that even though it is completely virtual and electronic currency, the address can be still stored on a small piece of paper. And like any conventional money, this piece of paper can be stored offline—for example, in a bank deposit box, far away from Internet connections, which means out of reach of hackers. While maintaining confidentiality is important in order to preserve the ownership of the currency, supporting integrity is required for keeping transaction records intact. But both confidentiality and integrity intertwine when we talk about the ability to recognize the authenticity of payment transactions as well as preventing double-spending. All those existential preconditions of successful cryptocurrency design were made possible by using cryptography. Symmetric Encryption Cryptography, in its original definition, is the science of hiding information from the prying eyes of those who are not supposed to see the information: an enemy during a war, a business competitor, or even a jealous spouse. Cryptography is perhaps one of the oldest disciplines...
eBook - ePubElectronic Devices and Circuit Design
Challenges and Applications in the Internet of Things
- Suman Lata Tripathi, Smrity Dwivedi, Suman Lata Tripathi, Smrity Dwivedi(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Apple Academic Press(Publisher)
...Cryptography is one of the best methods for enhancing the security of communication channel in IoT device network. 4 The encoding of the input data or information in order to convert it to a scrambled (cipher) text is known as encryption and it is associated with an encryption key (sender) such that it can only be accessed by an authorized user. The decryption is the counter process of encryption where the secret message (or ciphertext) is converted back to the unique plaintext using a decryption key (receiver). The basic model of cryptography includes the process how the input data is encrypted followed by the generation of ciphertext or secret text and finally the output data is obtained following the decryption process. 5 There are two types of keys (symmetric and asymmetric) used which are carried out by encryption–decryption. 6 The symmetric-key/private-key algorithm is where only the communication parties must have the identical keys in order to facilitate the proper link between the devices. 5 In comparison to asymmetric-key algorithms, symmetric key algorithms are more secure and faster and require lesser power as compared to the former. The other type of key is the asymmetric key/public key where only the encryption key is available to everyone to use but the decryption key is not and only the registered user (receiver) has the correct decryption key that allows the message to be read after decryption. 5 7.3.1 DIFFERENT CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS 7.3.1.1 RIVEST–SHAMIR–ADLEMAN This algorithm is a symmetric (public) key algorithm for cryptography that provides excellent safety in the IoT and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport systems. 7, 8 A key generator is used by the RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm that provides two numbers (primes) representing the two varieties of keys that are used in the encryption–decryption process...
eBook - ePubCybercrime and Information Technology
Theory and Practice: The Computer Network Infostructure and Computer Security, Cybersecurity Laws, Internet of Things (IoT), and Mobile Devices
- Alex Alexandrou(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...For additional information on the OSI model and the application layer, see Chapter 5. Cybersecurity refers to protection from criminal activity facilitated by the Internet. It also relates to the protection of Internet-connected devices, computer programs, networks, and data from cybercriminals. In other words, cybersecurity protects physical security, which consists of sites, equipment, infrastructure, etc., and logical security, which consists of software safeguards such as user passwords, access, and authentication of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Additionally, cybersecurity includes neglected and non-intentional incidents that compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computing systems and data. Network security involves the use of countermeasures to protect the networking infrastructure, both software and hardware, from intruders. Information security, or InfoSec, refers to safeguarding data in storage, in transit, and while being used. According to 44 U.S.C. 3542—Definitions 13 13 United States Code, 2006 Edition, Supplement 5, Title 44—Public Printing and Documents. 44 U.S.C. 3542—Definitions. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title44/USCODE-2011-title44-chap35-subchapIII-sec3542 (1) The term “information security” means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction to provide— (A) Integrity, which means guarding against improper information modification or destruction, and includes ensuring information nonrepudiation and authenticity. Integrity safeguards that data and systems are authentic, neither modified nor corrupted. (B) Confidentiality, which means preserving authorized restrictions on access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information...
