Javascript Async

10 Key excerpts on "Javascript Async"

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  Advanced JavaScript

  Speed up web development with the powerful features and benefits of JavaScript

  • Zachary Shute(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 2

  Asynchronous JavaScript

  Learning Objectives

  By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  • Define asynchronous programming
  • Characterize the JavaScript event loop
  • Utilize callbacks and promises to write asynchronous code
  • Simplify asynchronous code with async/await syntax

  In this chapter, we shall learn Asynchronous JavaScript and its uses.

  Introduction

  In the previous chapter, we covered many of the new and powerful features released in ES6. We discussed the evolution of JavaScript and highlighted the key additions in ES6. We discussed scope rules, variable declaration, arrow functions, template literals, enhanced object properties, destructuring assignment, classes and modules, transpiling, and iterators and generators.

  In this chapter, we will learn what an asynchronous programming language is and how to write and understand asynchronous code. In the first topic, we will define asynchronous programming and show how JavaScript is an asynchronous, event driven programming language. Then, we will outline callbacks and show how to use callbacks to write asynchronous JavaScript. We will then define promises and demonstrate how to use promises to write asynchronous JavaScript. In the final topic, we will present the async/await syntax and simplify our asynchronous code using promises and this syntax.

  Asynchronous Programming

  JavaScript is a single threaded, event driven, asynchronous programming language. What does this mean? This means that JavaScript runs on a single thread and delays/handles certain events or function calls through an event queue. We will break down the basics of how JavaScript does this through the following topic.

  Sync Versus Async

  What does it mean for code to be synchronous or asynchronous? These two buzzwords get thrown around a lot in JavaScript. Synchronous is derived from the Greek root syn , meaning "with", and chronos , which means "time". Synchronous literally means "with time", or rather, code that is coordinated with time. Lines of code are run one at a time and are not started until the previous line has been handled. Asynchronous , or async , is derived from the Greek root async

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  Mastering TypeScript

  Build enterprise-ready, modular web applications using TypeScript 4 and modern frameworks, 4th Edition

  • Nathan Rozentals(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  5

  Asynchronous Language Features

  The JavaScript runtime, whether it is running in the browser, or whether it is running on a server through Node, is single threaded. This means that one, and only one, piece of code will be running at a particular time. This code runs in what is known as the main thread. JavaScript has also been built around an asynchronous approach, meaning that the main thread will not pause when requested to load a resource of some sort. It will, instead, place this request onto an internal queue, which will eventually be processed at a later point in time. While the single-threadedness of JavaScript may take a while to get your head around, it does take away the need for in-memory locking mechanisms, as are used in other languages to handle multiple threads of execution. This makes the JavaScript runtime a little easier to understand, and to work with.

  The traditional JavaScript mechanism for dealing with asynchronous requests is through the callback mechanism. This means that we provide a function, known as a callback function, to an asynchronous request, and this function will be executed once the asynchronous request has been processed.

  There have been a number of techniques introduced into the JavaScript language to help with writing asynchronous code. Each of these techniques has built upon the traditional callback mechanism that is typically used in JavaScript. One of the most popular techniques is known as Promises, which provides a simplified syntax for writing asynchronous code. The Promise mechanism also allows us to chain multiple asynchronous calls one after another, and this technique is known as fluent syntax. Another technique is known as async and await, where we mark certain functions as asynchronous, and can then use the await

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  Learn ECMAScript

  • Narayan Prusty, MEHUL MOHAN(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Asynchronous Programming

  Out of all chapters in this book, this is my favorite, because I've faced the consequences of bad asynchronous programming in the past, with callbacks on event listeners, HTTP requests, and basically everything that requires latency. 

  JavaScript has evolved from all these cluttered, unreadable, unmaintainable programming practices and that's what we're going to learn in this chapter.

  Anyway, let's learn what an asynchronous program is. You can think of an asynchronous program as a program consisting of two lines of code, say L1 and L2. Now, we all know that in a given file, the code always executes from top to bottom. Also, it is intuitive such that the code will wait for each line to complete before executing the next line.

  In the case of asynchronous programming, the code will execute L1, but it will not block L2 till L1 is completed. You can think of it as a kind of non-blocking programming.

  In this chapter, we'll cover:

  • The JavaScript execution model
  • Event loops
  • The difficulties faced while writing asynchronous code
  • What are promises?
  • Creating and working with promises
  • How async/await differs from promises
  • Advanced asynchronous programming with async/await

  Let's start!

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  JavaScript execution model

  JavaScript code is executed in a single thread, that is, two pieces of a script cannot run at the same time. Each website opened in the browser gets a single thread for downloading, parsing, and executing the website, called the main thread.

  The main thread also maintains a queue, which has asynchronous tasks queued to be executed one by one. These queued tasks can be event handlers, callbacks, or any other kind of task. New tasks are added to the queue as AJAX requests/responses happen, events occur, timers are registered, and more. One long-running queue task can stop the execution of all other queue tasks and the main script. The main thread executes the tasks in this queue whenever possible.

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  Professional JavaScript for Web Developers

  • Matt Frisbie(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Wrox

    (Publisher)

  The duality between synchronous and asynchronous behavior is a fundamental concept in computer science—especially in a single-threaded event loop model such as JavaScript. Asynchronous behavior is borne out of the need to optimize for higher computational throughput in the face of high-latency operations. If it is feasible to run other instructions while a computation is completing and still maintain a stable system, then it is pragmatic to do so.

  Importantly, an asynchronous operation is not necessarily a computationally intensive or high-latency operation. It can be used anywhere it doesn't make sense to block a thread of execution to wait for the asynchronous behavior to occur.

  Synchronous vs. Asynchronous JavaScript

  Synchronous behavior is analogous to sequential processor instructions in memory. Each instruction is executed strictly in the order in which it appears, and each is also capable of immediately retrieving information that is stored locally within the system (for example: in a processor register or in system memory). As a result, it is easy to reason about the program state (for example, the value of a variable) at any given point in code.

  A trivial example of this would be performing a simple arithmetic operation:

  let x = 3; x = x + 4;

  At each step in this program, it is possible to reason about the state of the program because execution will not proceed until the previous instruction is completed. When the last instruction completes, the computed value of x is immediately available for use.

  This JavaScript snippet is easy to reason about because it is not difficult to anticipate what low-level instructions this will be compiled to (from JavaScript to x86, for example). Presumably, the operating system will allocate some memory for a floating point number on the stack, perform an arithmetic operation on that value, and write the result to that allocated memory. All of these instructions exist serially inside a single thread of execution. At each point in the compiled low-level program, you are well-equipped to assert what can and cannot be known about the state of the system.

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  Mastering JavaScript Promises

  • Muzzamil Hussain(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  So far, we have seen how the asynchronous model is implemented in JavaScript. This is one core aspect of understanding that JavaScript has its own implementation for the asynchronous programming model, and it has employed much of the core concepts in the asynchronous programming model.

  • The asynchronous mode is very important. In the browser, a very time-consuming operation should be performed asynchronously, avoiding the browser unresponsive time; the best example is the Ajax operations.
  • On the server side, the asynchronous mode of execution since the environment is single threaded. So, if you allow synchronization to perform all http requests, server performance will decline sharply and will soon lose responsiveness.
  • These are simple reasons why implementation on JavaScript is widely accepted in modern applications on all ends of needs. Databases such as MongoDB, Node.js as Server Side JavaScript, Angular.js, and Express.js as frontend, and logic building tools are examples of how heavily JavaScript is implemented throughout the industry. Their stack is commonly refer red to as the MEAN stack (MongoDB, Angular.js, Express.js, and Node.js)

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  RxJS in Action

  • Paul Daniels, Luis Atencio(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Manning

    (Publisher)

  after it has completely loaded. This behavior is ideal because it frees up the application to make progress on other tasks such as loading the rest of a web page, as in this case. As you’ll see throughout this book, asynchronous code is a good design for I/O-bound work like fetching data from the web or a database. The reason this works is that I/O processes are typically much slower than any other type of instruction, so we allow them to run in the background because they’re not dependent on processor cycles to complete.

  Syntax check

  In the code sample in section 1.1.2 , the second parameter of ajax() is the callback function. In that code, as in many parts of the book, we use the ECMAScript 6 lambda expression syntax,

  [1 ]

  which offers a terser and more succinct way of invoking functions. Also called arrow functions, lambda expressions behave somewhat similarly to an anonymous function call, which you’re probably familiar with. The subtle difference has to do with what the keyword this refers to. On rare occasions, when the value of this is important, we’ll call it out in the text and switch to using an anonymous function expression.

  1

  https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions .

  1.1.3. Understanding time and space

  Certainly, asynchronous functions allow us to stay responsive, but they come at a price. Where synchronous programs allow us to reason directly about the state of the application, asynchronous code forces us to reason about its future state. What does this mean? State can be understood simply as a snapshot of all the information stored into variables at any point in time. This information is created and manipulated via sequences of statements. Synchronous code can be thought of as an ordered, step-by-step execution of statements, as shown in figure 1.3

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  JavaScript Concurrency

  • Adam Boduch(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  In this chapter, we introduced some motivations for concurrency in JavaScript. While synchronous JavaScript is easy to maintain and understand, asynchronous JavaScript code is inevitable on the web. So it's important to make concurrency our default assumption when writing JavaScript applications.

  There's two main types of concurrency we're interested in—asynchronous actions and parallel actions. Asynchronicity is about the time ordering of actions, which gives the impression that things are happening at the same time. Without this type of concurrency, the user experience would suffer greatly, because it would constantly be waiting on other actions to complete. Parallelism is another type of concurrency that solves a different type of problem, where we want to increase performance by computing results faster.

  Finally, we looked at the three principles of concurrency in JavaScript programming. The parallelize principle is about leveraging the multi-core CPUs found in modern systems. The synchronize principle is about creating abstractions that enable us to write concurrent code, hiding the concurrency mechanisms from our feature code. The conserve principle uses lazy evaluation to only compute what is needed and to avoid unnecessary memory allocations.

  In the next chapter, we'll turn our attention to the JavaScript execution environment. To be effective with JavaScript concurrency, we need a sound understanding of what's actually happening when our code is run.

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  Chapter 2. The JavaScript Execution Model

  The first chapter of this book explored the state of JavaScript concurrency. Generally speaking, dealing with concurrency in JavaScript applications is anything but a trivial matter. There's a lot to think about when writing concurrent JavaScript code, and the kind of solutions that we come up with are often unorthodox. There's a lot of callbacks, and wading through all of them is enough to drive a person insane. We also caught a glimpse of how our pattern of writing concurrent JavaScript code has started to change with existing concurrency components. Web workers have started to mature, and JavaScript language concurrency constructs have only just been introduced.

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  Programming Language Explorations

  • Ray Toal, Rachel Rivera, Alexander Schneider, Eileen Choe(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Chapman and Hall/CRC

    (Publisher)

  Users will, without any warning, click buttons, drag fingers across a surface, press and release keys, and move cursors in and out of regions on a display. Reading and writing files and databases, and exchanging information with programs running on different machines may take several seconds to a few minutes or more to complete. When an application stops and waits for external operations to complete, we call its behavior synchronous; if it can continue to do useful work until the long running operation finishes, we have asynchronous behavior. An asynchronous architecture consists of code for firing and responding to events. Some events originate outside the program (button clicks, a cursor entering a canvas, data becom- ing ready from a file read) and some from event emitters that you write yourself. In either case, events are added to a task queue which the JavaScript engine repeatedly pulls from. An interactive application contains instructions saying “When event e is pulled from the queue, call function f with the data provided by e”. Let’s see how this looks in a browser. The following script creates a little canvas you can sketch in: 8 8 To run this script in a browser, save it in the file sketch.js, Create a new file, sketch.html, with the content , and finally, open the HTML file in the browser.

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  Learning Node.js Development

  • Andrew Mead(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Basics of Asynchronous Programming in Node.js

  If you've read any article about Node, you'd have probably come across four terms: asynchronous, non-blocking, event-based, and single-threaded. All of those are accurate terms to describe Node; the problem is it usually stops there, and it's really abstract. The topic of asynchronous programming in Node.js has been divided into three chapters. The goal in these upcoming three chapters is to make asynchronous programming super practical by putting all these terms to use in our weather application. That's the project we're going to be building in these chapters.

  This chapter is all about the basics of asynchronous programming. We'll look into the basic concepts, terms, and technology related to async programming. We'll look into making requests to Geolocation APIs. We'll need to make asynchronous HTTP requests. Let's dive in, looking at the very basics of async programming in Node.

  Specifically, we'll look into the following topics:

  • The basic concept of asynchronous program
  • Call stack and event loop
  • Callback functions and APIs
  • HTTPS requests

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  The basic concept of asynchronous program

  In this section, we're going to create our first asynchronous non-blocking program. This means our app will continue to run while it waits for something else to happen. In this section, we'll look at a basic example; however, in the chapter, we'll be building out a weather app that communicates with third-party APIs, such as the Google API and a weather API. We'll need to use asynchronous code to fetch data from these sources.

  For this, all we need to do is make a new folder on the desktop for this chapter. I'll navigate onto my desktop and use mkdir to make a new directory, and I'll call this one weather-app. All I need to do is navigate into the weather app:

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  Programming Language Explorations

  • Ray Toal, Rachel Rivera, Alexander Schneider, Eileen Choe(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Chapman and Hall/CRC

    (Publisher)

  asynchronous behavior.

  An asynchronous architecture consists of code for firing and responding to events. Some events originate outside the program (button clicks, a cursor entering a canvas, data becoming ready from a file read) and some from event emitters that you write yourself. In either case, events are added to a task queue which the JavaScript engine repeatedly pulls from. An interactive application contains instructions saying “When event e is pulled from the queue, call function f with the data provided by e”. Let’s see how this looks in a browser. The following script creates a little canvas you can sketch in:8

  The functions passed as the second argument of addEventListener are called event handlers, or callbacks, and the act of adding the listeners to the various objects known to the browser is called registering the callback. When an event is pulled from the queue, the browser passes an event object, containing data about the event, to your callback. Mouse events will contain the cursor position in the clientX and clientY properties; touch events for phones and tablets work in a similar fashion. Each of the callbacks is run to completion, one after the other.

  To see how things work on the server side, let’s extend our word count script from the beginning of the chapter. We’ll allow words containing any letter from the Unicode character set, rather than limiting ourselves to the Basic Latin letters.9

  Node’s process.stdin is a file stream representing standard input. In Node, streams are event emitters; stdin will fire a line event when a line is ready to be read, and a close event when there is no more data to be read. We call the on

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