Lexicography

10 Key excerpts on "Lexicography"

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  Elements of Lexicology and Semiotics

  • Witold Doroszewski, Iain Taylor(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  The coupling of work on dictionaries with work of a purely elemen-tary, practical nature turned out to be useful also for linguistic theory in the sphere of lexicology and Lexicography, for immediate contact with diverse types of linguistic structure as represented by the languages of illiterate peoples broadened the theoretical field of vision and had a stimulating effect on theory. If we confine ourselves for the time being to the definitions formu-lated above, according to which Lexicography is the composing of dictionaries, the science of methods of composing dictionaries, and lexicology is that branch of linguistics investigating words as regards their meaning and use; the science of vocabulary; the theoretical scientific basis of Lexicography, we shall be able to draw two con-clusions: the first is that both the disciplines in question are closely connected with linguistics, and, what is more, the development of linguistics may depend directly on the development of lexicological and lexicographical works; the second is that, as the raison d'être for found-ations is what is to be built on them, so in a certain sense Lexicography may be considered a superior discipline to lexicology, for results are more important than intentions, and the value of theoretical principles must be estimated according to results. The present epoch is one of integration of linguistics as the theoretical science of language, of Lexicography AND LEXICOLOGY 37 lexicology as the science of words and of Lexicography as the science of discovering ways of classifying verbal material and presenting it in dictionaries.

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  LEXeter '83: proceedings

  Papers from the International Conference on Lexicography at Exeter, 9–12 September 1983

  • Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, Exeter> LEXeter LEXeter <1983(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  (2) Lexicography is not a branch of so-called applied ling-uistics. Quite apart from the fact that it is not at all clear what exactly is to be understood by applied linguistics, Lexicography is, at all events, more than the application of linguistic theories and methods or the utilization of linguistic and philological findings. In a frequency dictionary, for example, the methods of statistics play the major role, and just imagine if linguistic knowledge alone were taken into account in a technical medical dictionary! (3) Lexicography is not a branch of lexicology, and Lexicography is by no means theoretically determined by lexicology alone. Lexi-cology hardly features, for example, in the production of diction-aries of pronunciation or gestures, and in valency dictionaries grammar is at least as important as lexicology. General lexicology and the lexicology of a particular language are especially important for certain dictionary types only, such as the monolingual defining dictionary. (4) Lexicographical activities result in reference works which can be classified according to different types. All types of works made with the aim of providing not only, but above all, information - 14 -on linguistic expressions should be classified as linguistic lexi-cography. They would include at least the following types: diction-aries of language, glossaries, concordances and word indexes (cf. Hausmann forthcoming). In what follows I shall consider diction-aries of languages only. To sum up: We can characterize the subject area linguistic lexi-cography, as given in numerous historical, concrete dictionary pro-jects, as follows: Linguistic Lexicography is scientific practice aimed at producing reference works on language, in particular dic-tionaries of language. Lexicographical activity has recourse to the results, methods and theories of various academic disciplines ac-cording to the type of reference work being produced.

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  Teaching and Researching Lexicography

  • R. R. K. Hartmann, Reinhard R.K. Hartmann(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Section I Lexicography in practice and theory Passage contains an image

  Chapter 1 The lexicographic scene

  DOI: 10.4324/9781315838922-1

  … dictionaries are a faithful reflection of the changing society that produces and consumes them.

  (Robert Ilson, 1990 : 1980)

  This chapter will...

  • describe the field of Lexicography;
  • discuss Lexicography as a many-sided activity.

  1.1 Mapping Lexicography

  That dictionaries play an important part in our daily and academic lives is not in doubt. Most people could therefore say something sensible about them, give examples of one or two of them, and maybe even define them. However, things are not so obvious when it comes to ‘Lexicography’. If you ask academics, especially those who specialise in languages or linguistics, they would probably make a mental association between Lexicography and the dictionary, but would not be quite sure about the nature of that association. The study of dictionaries? The making of dictionaries? The history of dictionary making?

  What I want to do in this book is to ask some fundamental questions about what exactly these two notions are, where they come from and where they are going, how we can increase our understanding of their function(s) in the modern world, and what (inter-)disciplinary frameworks we need to find the answers.

  In addressing these questions, I will draw on my experience of building up a specialism at a particular university where the subject is both taught (at MA and PhD level) and investigated (in a Dictionary Research Centre). One of the first things our students realise is that dictionaries come in many different forms, and that they do not exist in a vacuum, but are produced and used in contexts which can vary considerably across space and over time. One of the first priorities they have to sort out is whether the Lexicography they are studying at university differs from the Lexicography

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  Specialised Dictionaries for Learners

  • Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera(Author)
  • 2010(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  1.1. Lexicography vs. terminography The title of this contribution is not our choice but the proposal of the editor. As you will learn from our argumentation there is no real “lexicographical point of view”. On the contrary, in practice the majority of scholars dealing with Lexicography fully agree with the majority of terminographers. Most lexicographers understand Lexicography as part of linguistics and write scientific contributions about dictionaries (metalexicographers) or prepare concrete dictionaries (practical lexicographers) as work – in their opinion – in the field of applied linguistics or in the part of applied linguistics called practical lexicology: A la hora de distinguir entre terminología y lexicografía, la mayoría de los autores suelen establecer una correspondencia paralela entre, por un lado, lexicología, disciplina que se ocupa del estudio y des-cripción del lexicón de una lengua y la lexicografía, concebida como la rama aplicada de la lexicología centrada en la elaboración de diccionarios, y por otro, terminología, área de estudio teórico y metodológico y terminografía, vertiente aplicada de la terminología, encargada de la elaboración de diccionarios especializados. De esta forma la lexicología es a la terminología lo que la lexicografía a la terminografía. (Pérez Hernández, 2002, ch. 3.3 Terminografía y lexicografía). [When distinguishing between terminology and Lexicography, most scholars tend to establish a correspondence between, on the one hand, lexicology and Lexicography, and terminology and terminography on the other hand. Lexicology studies and describes the lexicon of a language whereas Lexicography, which is presented as applied lexicology, is concerned with compiling dictionaries. Similarly, terminology describes specialised languages theoretically and methodolo-gically and terminography builds specialised dictionaries]. (editor’s adaptation).

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  Linguistics in Western Europe. Part 1

  • Einar Haugen, Werner Winter, Einar Haugen, Werner Winter(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  The promotion of the 'gentle art of Lexicography' (Partridge 1963) to the rank of a scientific (or more precisely a para-scientific) discipline able to get inspiration from the linguist's thought and to inspire his reflection, at the same time raises Lexicography above the traditional practice of dictionary makers. This promotion is certainly one of the essential facts which has considerably renewed dictionary making over the last ten years. Lexicography which, until recently, had been limited to the ART OF MAKING DICTIONARIES is on the verge of becoming not only a TECHNIQUE in its own right, surer of itself, of its resources and its limitations, but for certain authors, if not a SCIENCE , then at least an APPLIED SCIENCE . 92 This transformation is essentially due to the evolution of the linguistic concepts to which dictionaries refer. Each lexicographi-cal work reflects a linguistic theory which the author more or less consciously applies. In most cases, the theories which inspired the author were those in vogue at the time of writing the dictionary, but every outstanding work bears the mark of the latest or most up-to-date ideas (contemporary research has been trying to find this mark, cf. Quemada 1968). Thus in the 19th century — the dictionaries of Grimm or Littre are a faithful representation of the language which Romantic linguistics had just opened up — a prevailing taste for accumulating unusual details, a will to 'explain' each of these by reference to history, the eagerness to take into account the WHOLE language together with the desire to apply normative and often delicate distinctions. A great number of works from the present century will continue to get their inspiration from this period, either directly by appealing to historical linguistics or indirectly by taking as their models the great dictionaries of the past.

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  Pedagogical Lexicography Today

  A Critical Bibliography on Learners' Dictionaries with Special Emphasis on Language Learners and Dictionary Users

  • Fredric Thomas Dolezal, Don R. McCreary(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  Any prospects for success in the promotion of dictionary skills instruction at both the primary and secondary levels in public schools seem to be less than salutory (cf. FN 19), although the situation may improve in the United Kingdom with the implementation of a new national syllabus for secondary-school modern language teaching. This area of lexicographic research, pedagogical Lexicography, should be a valuable area of research since it crosses several disciplines, all connected by deep interests in the study of language. However, although the number of studies has greatly increased since the 1970's, the value of some of the articles is questionable. In the twenty-first century, with better interna-tional communication and cooperation, this area has the potential to be a valuable resource for Lexicography, reading comprehension, applied linguistics, native monolingual language edu-cation, and non-native foreign language education. 22 For example, Ayto (1984:59): We believe that our approach, of never exceeding an educational level of seventeen to eighteen, will best serve the interests of the majority of our users. XX A Note to the Reader A complete list of dictionaries and dictionary acronyms that are referred to in the introduction and bibliography can be found at the end of this book. The topical index which follows the bibliography can be used not only to find articles grouped under a specific topic, but also to get an overview of the areas in the literature that have been well-covered or not yet fully developed. April 1999 Fredric Thomas Dolezal Don Rafferty McCreary Annotated Bibliography Aarts, Flor (1991a): Lexicography and syntax: The state of the art in learners' dictionaries of English. -In: James E. Alatis. (ed.): Linguistics and language pedagogy: The state of the art. Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics, 1991, 567-582.

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  Symposium on Lexicography V

  Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Lexicography May 3–5, 1990 at the University of Copenhagen

  • Karl Hyldgaard-Jensen, Arne Zettersten, 1990, København> Symposium on Lexicography Symposium on Lexicography <5(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  Klaus Schubert Lexicography, OR CORPUS-BASED KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION? 1. Lexicography as knowledge acquisition Dictionaries may be looked upon as highly structured collections of knowledge. 1 Lexicography, then, is a form of knowledge gathering or knowledge acquisition. Traditionally the products of this activity are printed as books and used by people. Recently publishers have begun to sell their products also in computer-readable form on compact disks or ordinary computer diskettes. These materials, even if equipped with additional features such as cross-entry search functions or direct interfaces to word processors in the form of pop-up windows, are essentially the same thing in another physical state. A slightly different development of the computer age, however, is directed towards the construction of dictionaries to be used not by people but by computer programs (in the spirit of note 1 it may be more appropriate in the latter case to say that people use the dictionaries indirectly through computer programs). These dictionaries used by computer programs are the lexicons needed in natural-language processing. Since these are knowledge sources designed for very specific purposes, most of them differ to a more or less obvious extent from a traditional dictionary. If the lexicon information in question is not meant to be read by people directly, but to be accessed by computer programs, it is normally embedded in some sort of formalism which is part of a programming language. But the difference is by no means only a notational one. Not only the form, but equally the content of the knowledge source strongly depends on the kind of function to be performed. An unsophisticated spelling checker, for instance, can often make do with a simple list of words, word forms or morphemes, whereas advanced systems of machine translation or speech recognition need lexicon information of considerable specificity.

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  Soviet and East European Linguistics

  • Paul L. Garvin(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  See also Palamarcuk, Leksykografy obminjujutsja dosvidom. • Abaev, O podace omonimov v slovare. 7 See the brief report by Grigor'ev, Obsuzdenie problemy omonimii, and the full proceedings of the conference in Leksikograficeskij sbornik 4.35-92 (1960). 8 The only similar American undertaking - a conference on Lexicography at Indiana University in 1961 - displayed the expected gap between fact-centered practitioners and improvising theoreticians. See Fred W. Householder and Sol Saporta (eds.), Problems in Lexicography (= International Journal of American Linguistics 28, no. 2, part IV) (1962). • Vinogradov, O nekotoryx voprosax teorii russkoj leksikografii, and Osnovnye tipy leksiceskix znaienij slova, p. 11; Babkin, Po voprosam russkoj leksikologii i leksikografii, pp. 11,14 ff. To be sure, the strictures in many cases concern lack of attention to studies in the history of specific words. LEXICOLOGY 63 intellectual landscape. The USSR, too, had an episode of wanting to leave its language alone, but that early post-Revolutionary trend was squashed, in the name of cultural continuity, as a vulgarization of Marxism; it was reversed before the end of the 1920's - i.e. before analogous strivings in the United States had even begun. The normative spirit, bolstered by the full moral and factual support of linguistic scholarship, not only results in the standardization of specific lexical variables, 10 but also creates an atmosphere for teaching the native language in which lexicological investigation can flourish, while in America, by contrast, the field has hardly been sown. 1.3. When one turns from quantity of output and ambitiousness of aim to the quality of Soviet lexicological research, the rosy picture assumes more variegated hues. For if lexicology is to be a discipline within linguistics, masses of observations on words of numerous languages are not enough.

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  Corpus Linguistics. Volume 1

  • Anke Lüdeling, Merja Kytö, Anke Lüdeling, Merja Kytö(Authors)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter Mouton

    (Publisher)

  Typically, for work on semasiological dictionaries, word and word group-based search functions, sorting functions, frequency counts etc. are needed. Tools must be I. Origin and history of corpus linguistics corpus linguistics vis-a `-vis other disciplines 144 aware of metadata and able to account for metadata in frequency listings. For interactive lexicographic work, the full potential of regular expression search is rarely needed; rather, lexicographers prefer to have libraries of ready-made search functions which pro-vide certain types of evidence, e. g. for typical word combinations, for distributional facts etc. Wishlists for corpus search functions are included in Atkins (1992 1993) and, more than ten years later, in De Schryver (2003). 4 . 3 . Lexicography-speciic corpus tools Above, in section 4.1., we mentioned that no specific tools for corpus preprocessing are needed for Lexicography. In a functional sense, this also holds for corpus exploration tools; what Lexicography can use are mainly tools for data extraction from corpora: collocation extraction, valency extraction, etc. What is indeed specific to Lexicography is the way in which such tools are integrated into lexicographic workflows. Most lexicographic work proceeds in a word-wise semasio-logical way. Often many lexicographers work in parallel, some of them on specific sets of treatment units. Corpus exploration is then meant to support them with corpus in-stances, ideally grouped according to certain types of phenomena (see section 3.4.). Two types of issues need to be addressed in particular, namely on the one hand the scarcity of corpus evidence (for specific linguistic phenomena) and, on the other hand, the abun-dance of (repetitive, redundant) corpus evidence.

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  Symposium on Lexicography X

  Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Lexicography May 4-6, 2000 at the University of Copenhagen

  • Henrik Gottlieb, Jens Erik Mogensen, Arne Zettersten, Henrik Gottlieb, Jens Erik Mogensen, Arne Zettersten(Authors)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  Although not explicitly stated in the introduction to the AWb, the dictionary entries themselves with their detailed structure testify to the fact that this question has clearly been resolved in favour of the latter approach, though efforts have been made to keep the entries clearly organized and largely free of linguistic jargon so that the interested layman, with rather more practical questions, can also make use of the dictionary. Lexicography as a Sign of the Times: A Study in Socio-Lexicography 51 2.1.2. The scope of the dictionary The Dictionary of Anglicisms is based on a corpus of 100,000 citations from German news-papers, periodicals, catalogues, advertisements, booklets, pamphlets and from high as well as trivial literature, including a few samples of spoken German, especially from television and radio. The dictionary deals with the 3,500 most common and current Anglicisms in present-day German. The term Anglicism is used here as a generic term for Briticism, Americanism, Canadianism, etc. The main focus of the dictionary lies on those Anglicisms which have come into German after 1945. Older loans are included only if there have been changes in meaning or new meanings added. A central criterion for the currency of an item - and its subsequent inclusion in the dic-tionary - was its documentation within the corpus. The cut-off margin for potential entries was set at five citations from different sources over an extended stretch of time. However, these numbers were not strictly adhered to at all costs, especially, when the competence of the compilers served as counter-evidence for under-representation of the respective item in the corpus. In cases like this supplementary documentation was looked for. Together, these factors should ideally guarantee a solid foundation and prove a certain reliability of an item as a prospective dictionary entry or, to put it the other way around, help exclude nonce-formations and short-lived vogue-words.

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