Law
Emission Standards
Emission standards are regulations that set limits on the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment from various sources, such as vehicles, industrial facilities, and power plants. These standards aim to reduce air and water pollution, protect public health, and mitigate environmental damage caused by harmful emissions. Compliance with emission standards is typically enforced through monitoring, testing, and penalties for non-compliance.
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8 Key excerpts on "Emission Standards"
eBook - PDF- Arthur C. Stern(Author)
- 1984(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
The model is R = g(P) - Β X 1 0 ( 2 M ) where R is the required percentage reduction in emission, Ρ is present air quality, D is air quality standard, Β is background concentration, and g is growth factor in emissions (g is projected to a year in the future when emissions are expected to apply to all vehicles on the road). An example of a set of emission limits based upon the rollback approach are the limits adopted by the United States for carbon monoxide, hydrocar-bons, and oxides of nitrogen emissions from new automobiles (Table 21-2). E. Standards for Hazardous Pollutants The United States has promulgated elaborate standards for what are classed as hazardous pollutants. The pollutants are asbestos, beryllium, mercury, and vinyl chloride. The standards are a mix of Ambient Air Quality, Emission, and Process Operation Standards. F. Emission Standards for Existing Installations in the United States The states and cities of the United States sometimes have emission stan-dards for existing installations which are usually less restrictive than those federally required for new installations, i.e., NSPS, BACT, LAER. The most recent compilation of such standards was in 1974 (see Martin and Stern in Suggested Reading). This compilation had not been updated at the time of publication of this book. G. Emission Standards for Industrialized Countries of the World At the time of publication of this book, the most recent compilation of Emission Standards for processes and substances emitted from these pro-cesses in the industrialized countries of the world was the companion Volume II of the source of Table 20-10 (see Jarrault in Suggested Reading).
- Mark Crane, Peter Matthiessen, Dawn Stretton Maycock, Graham Merrington, Paul Whitehouse, Mark Crane, Peter Matthiessen, Dawn Stretton Maycock, Graham Merrington, Paul Whitehouse(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Although this can be based on an ambient concentration, the standard will usually be translated into a limit at the point of discharge, taking account of local site-specific conditions (e.g., available dilution). We often base our judgment of compliance with a permit on sampling and chemical analysis. This introduces issues about sampling and analysis errors and the level of confidence we need before declaring that a permit has been breached. This important technical aspect is dealt with in Chapter 3. Setting Environmental Standards within a Socioeconomic Context 11 2.4 FRAMEWORK FOR DERIVING A NEW STANDARD The preceding discussion explained that standard setting needs to take into account a variety of technical, economic, policy, legal, and social factors. Furthermore, there can be a good deal of flexibility in the way a standard may be used. We argue that Finally, standards may be applied in this way across an industrial sector (uni-form emission limits) or may be differentiated with different burdens reflecting different levels of risk to the environment or different prospects of abatement. INCENTIVES FOR CHANGING BEHAVIORS In recent years, there has been some move away from command-and-con-trol systems toward incentives like those illustrated in Figure 2.1. Charges imposed on the polluter would be one example. Classically, private law might do this by awarding damages against an operator that has caused envi-ronmental damage. Although this creates some difficulty in relation to the unowned environment (since law tends to compensate those with an interest in land), both the United States and the European Union have developed liability systems to internalize costs resulting from environmental damage. Such awards are after the event, however, and we may wish to ensure some form of ex ante incentive to prevent damage at the source. One of the measures shown in Figure 2.1 is an environmental tax.
eBook - PDFAir Pollution and Global Warming
History, Science, and Solutions
- Mark Z. Jacobson(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
The law also allowed the minister to issue decrees against specific emitters, require factories to comply with Emission Standards, and monitor air pollution. The first ambient standards under this law were set in 1971 and revised in 1992. In 1994, the Ministry of the Environment used its power to design a program to control smog by reducing vehicle emissions and setting up a national air qual-ity monitoring network. Under the program, all new cars were required to have catalytic converters, lead was gradually phased out of cars, and vehicle emis-sion standards were required to conform with those set by the EU. Industrial emissions of sulfur diox-ide, nitrogen oxides, VOCs, heavy metals, particulate matter, hazardous inorganic particulate matter, and other substances were also controlled. In 2007, a National Plan for the Reduction of Vehicular Pollution was approved by the Minister of the Environment. This plan required more stringent Emission Standards and steps for reducing vehicle emis-sions, including a plan to pay to remove old vehicles from the road, a plan to have inspectors order owners of polluting vehicles not to operate their vehicle, and incentives to increase the use of public transportation. In January 2008, a new Clean Air Law was passed in Israel to plan, regulate, and monitor air quality. The law came into force on January 1, 2011. Aside from setting ambient and Emission Standards, the law also established economic incentives for reducing pollution, and it expanded powers given to the Ministry of Envi-ronmental Protection to implement and enforce the reg-ulations. Furthermore, it required industries to obtain emission permits and a monitoring network in which all stations operated under uniform standards. Ambient 196 Figure 8.8. Downtown Cairo, Egypt, February 15, 2009. C Jakezc/Dreamstime.com. standards under the law were set for CO(g), NO x (g), SO 2 (g), O 3 (g), and PM 10 . 8.2.7. Egypt Air pollution in Egypt is regulated under Law No.
eBook - PDFHow to Conquer Air Pollution
A Japanese Experience
- H. Nishimura(Author)
- 1989(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
Under these circumstances, the growing industrial activity i n any particular area resulted i n enviromntal degradation, even i f each source of pollution ccmplied with the Emission Standards. To remedy the s h o r t c d n g s of the individual approach, the concept of establishing certain standards f o r enviromntal quality was incorporated into the Basic Law. The ambient a i r quality standards f o m l a t e d under this ccmprehensive approach were the policy goals for the protection of h m health and the consemation of the living enviromnt. To attain and maintain these goals of 198 air quality, various effective administrative measures w e r e undertaken, such as improving fuel quality, land use planning, f a c i l i t y layout planning as w e l l a s individual emission controls. In fact, the ministries and agencies concerned are requested by the law to make every possible effort to ensure the maintenance of the standards by implementing e n v i r o m n t a l pollution control measures i n a canprehensive, effective and appropriate manner. For instance, i n the field of a i r pollution control, closely related policies concerning energy, industry and transportation are generally developed w h i l e integrating envirormental aspects into their own fields. Enviromntal quality standards are based on the scientific studies of the effects of pollutants on hman health and living e n v i r o m n t under various exposure conditions. knowledge can be obtained with respect t o the effect and measurement method of existing and newly identified pollutants. As such, the standards m y be revised as new scientific In Japan, as quality standards play a very important role i n pollution control policy, the procedure for setting such standards deserves attention.
eBook - PDF- Peter Krenkel(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
It is interesting to note that while effluent stan-dards are promulgated by PL 92-500, in so-called water quality limit-ing cases, ambient or stream standards are utilized. Stream standards are based on the establishment of threshold values for a particular contaminant which, in turn, are founded on the intended use of the water. On the other hand, effluent standards dictate the amount of a 26 2 Legislation DAMAGE ON THE GROUND WATER IN THE AIR STREAMS DIFFUSED SURFACE USE IN THE 5ROUNO R I P A R I A N DOCTRINE COMMON ENEMY DOCTRINE CIVIL LAW RULE PERCOLATING ENGLISH RULE APPROPRIATION REASONABLE USE DRAINAGE STATUTES R E A S O N A B L E U S E CORRELATIVE RIGHTS PRESCRIPTION APPROPRIATION ANTI-POLLUTION STATUTES Fig. 2.3. Diagram of classes of water and water laws (Ohio Legis. Serv. Commis., 1955). contaminant that can be discharged from a pipe regardless of the size of a river or the intended use of its water. Both standards have two additional classifications. Stream or ambient standards can be based on dilution requirements to maintain a certain concentration of contaminant or standards measured in the river which depend on a particular value of a contaminant based on the intended use of the water. The former is no longer popular and is not used in the United States except for rule of thumb purposes. Effluent standards can be Criteria versus Standards 27 based on either concentration and/or total mass discharged or on the de-gree of treatment required in order to maintain a specific waste load allo-cation. The opponents of stream standards claim that the minimum permissible quality of water tends to become its maximum quality because dis-chargers will attempt to use the least possible treatment that will satisfy the standard. In addition, stream standards tend to become fixed values rather than judgment guides and may result in arbitrary decisions. If stream classification is involved, the future use of the stream may be fixed in advance.
eBook - PDF- A. Crucq, A. Frennet(Authors)
- 1987(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
The new European Emission Standards will apply to passenger cars with a maximum mass up to 2,500 kg having not more than 6 seats. The limit values and the effective dates are differentiated according to 3 categories of engine capacity. The presentation describes the aims, the development and the rationale of the EEC exhaust emission regulations and also gives a summary of their legal bases. THE EEC'S LEGAL BASES AND METHODS OF PROCEDURE 1. In March 1970 the Council of Ministers of the European Communities adopted, as the second separate directive of the EEC type-approval procedure, directive 70/220/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by gases from positive-ignition engines of motor vehicles. Since this date, uniform exhaust Emission Standards exist throughout the whole Community for the concerned category of vehicles. 2. The present contribution is intended to describe the aims, development and significance of the European Communities' exhaust-gas standards. It appears suitable, by way of an introduction, first of all to describe the essential aspects of the EEC's legal bases and methods of procedure. 3. A fundamental aim of the 1957 Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community is the creation of a common internal market among the 69 70 Member States! within which cinzens, goods and services may cross borders without let or hindrance. Naturally, if goods are to move freely, first of all customs barriers and then the so-called non-tariff barriers or technical barriers to trade must be removed. The major non-tariff barrier to the cross-frontier trade in motor vehicles is constituted by the Member States' type-approval procedures, together with their various technical requirements and administrative practices.
eBook - PDFHazardous Material (HAZMAT) Life Cycle Management
Corporate, Community, and Organizational Planning and Preparedness
- Robert Jaffin(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
◾ EPA has issued rules to cut emissions from onroad and nonroad vehicles by more than 90%. Under the Clean Air Act, EPA is also addressing pollution from a range of nonroad sources, including locomotives and marine vessels, recreational vehicles, and lawn and gar-den equipment. Together these sources comprise a significant portion of emissions from the transportation sector. U.S. Regulatory Framework and Standards ◾ 89 3.5.1.3 Transportation Policies ◾ Transportation projects such as construction of highways and transit rail lines cannot be federally funded or approved unless they are consistent with state air quality goals. In addi-tion, transportation projects must not cause or contribute to new violations of the air quality standards, worsen existing violations, or delay attainment of air quality standards. ◾ The conformity provisions require areas that have poor air quality now, or had it in the past, to examine the long-term air quality impacts of their transportation system and ensure that it is compatible with the area’s clean air goals. In doing so, those areas must assess the impacts of growth on air pollution and decide how to manage growth. State and local agen-cies must work together to either change the transportation plan and/or the state air plan to achieve the necessary emission reductions. 3.5.1.3.1 Inspection and Maintenance Programs ◾ Proper maintenance of a car’s engine and pollution control equipment is critical to reduce excessive air pollution. To help ensure that such maintenance occurs, the Clean Air Act requires certain areas with air pollution problems to run inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. The 1990 Act also established the requirement that passenger vehicles be equipped with onboard diagnostics. The diagnostics system is designed to trigger a dash-board “check engine” light alerting the driver of a possible pollution control device malfunc-tion.
eBook - PDF- David Jenkins, Jiri Wanner(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- IWA Publishing(Publisher)
156 Activated Sludge – 100 Years and Counting and within countries. It is often the case that a country or region will have an overarching air quality framework, which feeds localized legislation. An example of this localized regulation is California, USA, which developed and passed its own air toxics inventory and control regulations in 1991 based on State-driven risk management plans for acutely hazardous compounds and tightened the Federal acceptable ambient air quality standards. Odorous emissions are typically regulated at the local level based on a balance between public nuisance thresholds and acceptable ambient air quality standards. GHG regulations are currently being reviewed and emissions inventories are being prepared in response to looming regulatory programs aimed at reducing net environmental impacts. California is again leading the USA in this area with its State-wide GHG emissions inventory and is now starting to consider potential regulatory programs and control requirements. Table 9.1 summarizes the key air emissions legislation across four global regions (UK, Europe, USA and Australia). To allow ease of comparison, legislation within this Table is separated according to the four key emissions types most relevant to AS (i.e. odor, VOCs, air toxics and GHGs). 9.3 AS EMISSIONS MECHANISMS Proper characterization of emissions is important, because emission levels trigger regulatory requirements such as the need for controls and permits. WWTPs are many and varied; however, groups of processes typically have similar functions. Figure 9.1 presents a generalized WWTP process schematic. Upstream and downstream processes create a complex problem of interrelated cause and effect within systems that impact the emissions potential from each unit process. For example, covering a preliminary treatment process may retain pollutants such as VOCs in solution at that location, but may enhance VOC emissions from downstream processes.
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