Physics
Fibre Optics and Endoscopy
Fiber optics is a technology that uses thin, flexible glass or plastic fibers to transmit light and carry information. In endoscopy, fiber optics are used to illuminate and visualize the inside of the body, allowing for minimally invasive medical procedures. This technology relies on the principle of total internal reflection to guide light through the fibers, enabling high-resolution imaging.
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9 Key excerpts on "Fibre Optics and Endoscopy"
eBook - PDF- Casimer DeCusatis, Carolyn J. Sher DeCusatis(Authors)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
They are also very useful in medical applications, coupled with fiberscopes or microscopes. Fiber optic lighting systems can also 181 182 Fiber Optic Essentials be placed in high magnetic fields, such as near MRI machines, and can be used in stand-alone applications in this manner. While fiber sensors have broader industrial applications, especially in hard-to-reach places and hazardous areas where there is a danger from electrical sparks ignit-ing explosions, they also have medical applications, especially working in conjunction with endoscopes. 9.1 Endoscopes The use of fiber optics in endoscopy is perhaps the most significant application of fiber optics to the field of medicine. From encephaloscopes, which are used for examining cavities in the brain, to arthroscopes, which are used for diagnosing and treating knee problems, the human body can be directly probed with these devices. This approach has become part of the mainstream medical community; for example, all people 50 years or older are recommended to be screened for colorectal cancer, by either flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years or colonoscopy every ten years, and increased risk patients are recommended for screening younger and more frequently [2]. There are two major types of endoscopes: flexible ones, that use a fiber bundle or a CCD chip detector, and rigid laparoscopes, which are more like a rigid periscope. Flexible scopes are used in applications like colonoscopy where the probe is threaded through a winding path. Often the whole path is a part of the examination. Rigid scopes tend to be used in gynecology and arthroscopy, where a small incision allows the scope to be placed at the target where the procedure is performed.
eBook - PDFHandbook of Fiber Optics
Theory and Applications
- Chai Yeh(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Its emission is in the orange region, from 570 to 670 nm. High-power emission is obtainable. Fiber Optics in Medicine The properties of optical fiber bundles such as the flexibility and transparency can play an important role in medical science. Diagnos-tic, endoscopie, and surgical applications use fiber bundles to send light and view areas inside a human body that were previously inac-cessible. During recent years, the International Society for Optical En-gineers (SPIE) has sponsored annual conferences to present papers regarding fiber optics in medicine and has published the convention records in the Proceedings of the SPIE. A vast amount of materials are now available for reference. We intend to give a bird's-eye view of this field just to demonstrate its importance. Fiber Optics in Medicine 333 Diagnostic and Imaging Applications The medical endoscope is designed for internal examination of a cavity inside a human body. It must be able to reach all areas within the cavity and provide adequate illumination and resolution. Prior to the development of optical fiber technology, a rigid endoscope, con-sisting of a train of lenses, was used. Illumination was provided by a lamp attached to the proximal end and led through a quartz bar to the distal end. The endoscope was large and rigid, which added to the discomfort of the patient. Still its accessibility was limited [10]. Fiber optics changed all this. Modern endoscopes are flexible and small. They can range in diameter from several millimeters down to tens of micrometers. They can provide illumination with LEDs or lasers. Even powerful laser energy can be piped into the area for treatment. We shall describe some typical examples in the following paragraphs. The gastroscopie endoscope is perhaps the earliest application of fiber optics in medicine. A large flexible trunking about 1 cm in di-ameter and 100 cm long containing a coherent fiber bundle and a lightguide is used.
eBook - PDFFiber Optic Sensors
An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists
- Eric Udd, William B. Spillman, Jr.(Authors)
- 2024(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
CHAPTER 20 FIBER OPTIC BIOSENSORS William B. Spillman, Jr. Columbia Gorge Research LLC, Fairview, OR, USA 20.1 INTRODUCTION The advantages of fiber optic technology have long been appreciated by the biomedical and biotechnology communities. Optical fibers are dielectric and nonconductive, biocompatible, flexible, small in size, and immune to electromagnetic interference. They can also be sterilized using standard medical sterilization techniques. Their initial and still most successful biological/biomedical application has been in the field of endoscopic imaging. More recently, they have been utilized to sense other parameters of interest to the biomedical and biotechnology fields. 20.1.1 Endoscopy The use of fiber optic bundles for imaging has revolutionized medicine. Prior to the development of such devices, the only method of inspecting the interior of the body was through invasive surgery. Now such devices are commonplace and are used for both in vivo inspection/imaging and illumination. Before the introduction of these devices, there was no way to rapidly determine the presence of tumors, damaged or diseased tissue, and internal bleeding in the lungs, esophagus, stomach, or intestines, making diagnosis and treatment for such problems difficult and often erroneous. Many people owe their lives today to the existence of endoscopes. They are fabricated from high-quality glass optical fiber bundles. Unfortunately, their relatively high cost, which has remained constant for a long period of time, renders them inaccessible to the developing world with the consequence that medical care remains at levels not seen in the West since early in the twentieth century. Development of a lower-cost endoscope for the developing world represents a new product opportunity that will be discussed later.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- White Word Publications(Publisher)
Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures (endoscopy). Industrial endoscopes are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors. In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyze its composition. A spectrometer analyzes substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels. An optical fiber doped with certain rare earth elements such as erbium can be used as the gain medium of a laser or optical amplifier. Rare-earth doped optical fibers can be used to provide signal amplification by splicing a short section of doped fiber into a regular (undoped) optical fiber line. The doped fiber is optically pumped with a second laser wavelength that is coupled into the line in addition to the signal wave. Both wavelengths of light are transmitted through the doped fiber, which transfers energy from the second pump wavelength to the signal wave. The process that causes the amplification is stimulated emission. Optical fibers doped with a wavelength shifter are used to collect scintillation light in physics experiments. Optical fiber can be used to supply a low level of power (around one watt) to electronics situated in a difficult electrical environment. Examples of this are electronics in high-powered antenna elements and measurement devices used in high voltage transmission equipment. A growing trend in iron sights for arms, is the use of short pieces of optical fiber for contrast enhancement dots, made in such a way that ambient light falling on the length of the fiber is concentrated at the tip, making the dots slightly brighter than the surroundings.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- White Word Publications(Publisher)
Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures (endoscopy). Industrial endoscopes are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors. In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyze its composition. A spectrometer analyzes substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ An optical fiber doped with certain rare earth elements such as erbium can be used as the gain medium of a laser or optical amplifier. Rare-earth doped optical fibers can be used to provide signal amplification by splicing a short section of doped fiber into a regular (undoped) optical fiber line. The doped fiber is optically pumped with a second laser wavelength that is coupled into the line in addition to the signal wave. Both wavelengths of light are transmitted through the doped fiber, which transfers energy from the second pump wavelength to the signal wave. The process that causes the amplification is stimulated emission. Optical fibers doped with a wavelength shifter are used to collect scintillation light in physics experiments. Optical fiber can be used to supply a low level of power (around one watt) to electronics situated in a difficult electrical environment. Examples of this are electronics in high-powered antenna elements and measurement devices used in high voltage transmission equipment. A growing trend in iron sights for arms, is the use of short pieces of optical fiber for contrast enhancement dots, made in such a way that ambient light falling on the length of the fiber is concentrated at the tip, making the dots slightly brighter than the surroundings.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures (endoscopy). Industrial endoscopes are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors. In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyze its composition. A spectrometer analyzes substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels. ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ An optical fiber doped with certain rare earth elements such as erbium can be used as the gain medium of a laser or optical amplifier. Rare-earth doped optical fibers can be used to provide signal amplification by splicing a short section of doped fiber into a regular (undoped) optical fiber line. The doped fiber is optically pumped with a second laser wavelength that is coupled into the line in addition to the signal wave. Both wavelengths of light are transmitted through the doped fiber, which transfers energy from the second pump wavelength to the signal wave. The process that causes the amplification is stimulated emission. Optical fibers doped with a wavelength shifter are used to collect scintillation light in physics experiments. Optical fiber can be used to supply a low level of power (around one watt) to electronics situated in a difficult electrical environment. Examples of this are electronics in high-powered antenna elements and measurement devices used in high voltage transmission equipment. A growing trend in iron sights for arms, is the use of short pieces of optical fiber for contrast enhancement dots, made in such a way that ambient light falling on the length of the fiber is concentrated at the tip, making the dots slightly brighter than the surroundings.
eBook - PDF- Alexis Mendez, T. F. Morse(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Chapter 23 Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications Moshe Ben-David 1 and Israel Gannot 2 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tet-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 23.1 INTRODUCTION Optical fibers have revolutionized medicine in many ways. They have advanced both diagnostics and treatments capabilities. Their major advantages lie in the fact that they are thin and flexible so they can be introduced into the body to remotely sense, image, and treat. This capability enabled the introduction of minimally invasive procedures, which became the preferred choice for surgery. Such procedures minimize the postoperative pain and discomfort, as well as shorten—and sometimes elimin-ate—hospitalization time, thus saving on costs and reducing the number of missed workdays. They also reduce the risk of contamination from the hospital environment. And maybe, most importantly, they allow the patient return to the comfort of his or her home sooner. People are taking it naturally to have endoscopes in the clinical practice. This instrument—and all its variations—is based on the existence of a coherent fiber bundle, which allows imaging of internal organs while working their way through the natural orifices of the body or in some cases through minimal incisions. Fiber bundles were patented in the 1920s by Baird in England and Hansell in the United States in parallel, but most important progress and realization were made by Van Heel and Capany in the 1950s (also two parallel unconnected works). Now imaging bundles can have 100,000 fibers that are small enough and flexible to be used in various types of endoscopes. In this chapter, we describe new progress in this exciting field of fiber optics into the infrared (IR) regimen and other new fiber-based sensing methods in the visible, ultraviolet (UV), and IR. 699
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
This return signal is digitally processed to identify if there is a disturbance, and if an intrusion has occurred an alarm is triggered by the fiber optic security system. Other uses of optical fibers A frisbee illuminated by fiber optics Light reflected from optical fiber illuminates exhibited model ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Fiber optic front sight on a hand gun Fibers are widely used in illumination applications. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to be shone on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building. Optical fiber illumination is also used for decorative applications, including signs, art, and artificial Christmas trees. Swarovski boutiques use optical fibers to illuminate their crystal showcases from many different angles while only employing one light source. Optical fiber is an intrinsic part of the light-transmitting concrete building product, LiTraCon. Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics. A coherent bundle of fibers is used, sometimes along with lenses, for a long, thin imaging device called an endoscope, which is used to view objects through a small hole. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures (endoscopy). Industrial endoscopes are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors. In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyze its composition. A spectrometer analyzes substances by bouncing light off of and through ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ them. By using fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 4 Optical Fiber A bundle of optical fibers ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ A TOSLINK fiber optic audio cable being illuminated at one end An optical fiber or optical fibre is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide, or light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics . Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic com-munications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those which can only support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short distance comm.-unication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,050 meters (3,440 ft). Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then spliced together either
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