Psychology
Absence of Gating
Absence of gating refers to the inability of the brain to filter out irrelevant information, resulting in an overload of sensory input. This can lead to difficulties in attention, perception, and memory. It is often associated with conditions such as schizophrenia and ADHD.
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3 Key excerpts on "Absence of Gating"
eBook - ePubAttention and Orienting
Sensory and Motivational Processes
- Peter J. Lang, Robert F. Simons, Marie Balaban, Robert Simons, Peter J. Lang, Robert F. Simons, Marie Balaban, Robert Simons(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Psychology Press(Publisher)
There also are several clinical populations who exhibit no overt psychotic symptoms, yet whose passive PPI is significantly reduced compared to matched controls. Reduced PPI has been reported in patients with Huntington’s Disease (Swerdlow, Paulson et al., 1995), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (Swerdlow, Benbow, Zisook, Geyer, & Braff, 1993), Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (Morton et al., 1994), Tourette Syndrome with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Castellanos et al., 1996), Nocturnal Enuresis (Ornitz, Hanna, & de Traversay, 1992), and in patients with Parkinson’s Disease after the administration of L-DOPA (Morton et al., 1995). The clinical manifestations of these disorders include symptoms of anxiety, depression, dementia, tics, and bed wetting. Despite the common loss of “preattentive” gating capacity as measured by passive PPI, these disorders share very few clinical characteristics. Thus, clinical data do not support the linkage of reduced preattentive gating with a specific set of psychiatric symptoms.How can we understand impaired automatic gating processes in disorders that are characterized by such a broad range of symptoms? From a phenomenological standpoint, disorders that are characterized by reduced PPI are linked by a reduced ability to inhibit or gate sensory, motor, or cognitive information. Thus, patients with schizophrenia or temporal lobe epilepsy with psychosis are unable to inhibit irrelevant or intrusive sensory and cognitive information, Huntington’s Disease patients are unable to inhibit adventitious movements, patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder cannot suppress intrusive obsessions, patients with Tourette Syndrome cannot inhibit sensory, vocal, or motor tics, and patients with Nocturnal Enuresis cannot inhibit a motor response to visceral sensory information. (See Brunia, chapter 12
eBook - ePubUnderstanding Brain Aging and Dementia
A Life Course Approach
- Lawrence J. Whalley(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Columbia University Press(Publisher)
Is it early or late? In the early model, the information is not fully analyzed before being ignored. Investigating the early model, David Broadbent from Cambridge (United Kingdom) proposed 12 that some sort of gating mechanism operated early in the selection of incoming stimuli. Models of late selection propose that all incoming information is processed to the same extent that meanings (semantics) are attributed before selection. The likely correct position is that much information that is ignored by consciousness remains available for analysis if needed but only in some sort of limited temporary store (possibly equivalent to the rectangles adjacent to the sensory gates in Figure 7.2). These ideas about selective attention can be folded into an “information processing theory” of attention. According to this theory, with aging, impairments of selective attention occur when the amount of information to be sorted is large and complex. Older adults find it difficult to do this quickly and accurately because, for some unknown reason, their information processing capacity is too small to handle the large amount of data. With aging, the older adult has difficulty deciding what is relevant or not to the task in hand. This problem may be attributable to the failure to inhibit irrelevant input presumably because of impairment in central executive control of attention (Figure 7.2). DIVIDED ATTENTION Divided attention is the ability to divide attention between two or more sources of information. Divided attention concerns the extent to which one set of information competes for entry into consciousness with another set of information. Undertakings that demand divided attention involve the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. With aging, studies in attentional capacity measure the amount of information that can be attended to at the same time. Older adults typically report that tests of divided attention are more difficult than reported by younger adults
eBook - ePubAccess and Mediation
Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Attention
- Maren Wehrle, Diego D'Angelo, Elizaveta Solomonova, Maren Wehrle, Diego D'Angelo, Elizaveta Solomonova, Diego D’Angelo(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter Saur(Publisher)
Since the industrial revolution, from the mechanization of labor up to the recent digitalization of work and of our private environments, such ‘lacks’ of attention have increasingly become a problem for science, education and for the economy to solve. Starting with the sensory and informational demands of the technological workplace, such as the cockpits of British pilots in World War II, early cognitive psychology began its research on attention with the aim to respond to informational overloads. Such research assumes a limitation of the human processing system, in which only a few pieces of information can be processed properly per given time frame. In this sense, attention was understood as a kind of filter mechanism, one that ‘decides’ which information is permitted access to a deeper level of processing and thereby may find its way into our consciousness and memory. In the history of experimental research in cognitive psychol ogy from 1950 onwards, we continue to see attention conceptualized mostly as a selective cognitive or neuronal mechanism in the form of an auditory filter (Broadbent 1958), a visual spotlight (Posner et al. 1980), an attentional set (Folk et al. 1992) or saliency map (Jonides and Yantis 1988), and which is either spatially, task or goal oriented, or driven by salient stimuli. Even though, since James’s insight in the 19 th Century, we have acknowledged that we have the capacity to vividly possess objects or thoughts with our mind, how we might (better) control, capture or guide this capacity for ‘attention’, and ultimately avoid distractions, seems to remain a problem. Today, one is not only confronted with an increasing amount of, and accelerated, visual stimuli and linguistic information within one’s workplace, but, with the advent of ICT’s (Internet Communication Technologies) and social media, the stimuli and information distinctions between the public and private domains are increasingly blurred
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