Baddeley
Baddeley is a prominent cognitive psychologist known for his influential model of working memory, which consists of the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad. His model revolutionized the understanding of short-term memory and its role in cognitive processes. Baddeley's work has had a significant impact on the field of psychology, particularly in the study of memory and cognitive functioning.
5 Key excerpts on "Baddeley"
- Charles Hulme, Susie Mackenzie(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Psychology Press(Publisher)
...Such a concept seems central to much work in cognitive psychology at present. The Baddeley and Hitch model is important as an attempt to give a detailed specification of the operation of working memory. Specific details of the model might, however, be rejected without questioning the need for such a concept. The work described here has been concerned with the structural properties of working memory, not with assessing the importance of working memory as a functional concept. In our presentation of this model we have focused on certain aspects of it which seem questionable to us. These criticisms, clearly, are matters of detail that we hope will contribute to a refinement of this general approach. One point which emerges with great clarity from all of this work is the importance of some form of articulatory coding in the performance of traditional short-term memory tasks. This has been explained in terms of the articulatory loop. One point of debate here is whether it is necessary to divide the loop into two separate components. It has been argued that a more parsimonious unitary model of the loop accommodates current findings most adequately. In Chapter 5, we will present an examination of the effects of word length and acoustic similarity on short-term memory in children with severe learning difficulties. In discussing those studies we will again argue in favour of a unitary model of the articulatory loop. A second point of controversy has concerned the role of the central executive. The main role of the central executive is as an attentional control system responsible for managing the operation of the memory system. Whether such a system should also be attributed a storage function seems debatable. Baddeley himself has recently expressed reservations about this idea (personal communication)...
eBook - ePubWorking Memory and Academic Learning
Assessment and Intervention
- Milton J. Dehn(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
...The two British psychologists developed the idea of a working memory within short-term memory. They defined working memory as “a system for the temporary holding and manipulation of information during the performance of a range of cognitive tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning” (Baddeley, 1986, p. 34). As originally proposed, Baddeley and Hitch’s multifaceted model comprised three aspects of working memory—a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketchpad, and a central executive that controlled the other two subsystems, referred to as slave systems. In effect, Baddeley’s model is hierarchical, with the central executive as the top-level, domain-free factor that controls all the subcomponents. Apparently, Baddeley views the central executive as the essence of working memory; he usually refers to the two subsidiary systems as short-term memory components. Recently, Baddeley (2000) added another subcomponent—the episodic buffer (see Fig. 2.3). Over the past 3 decades a large number of studies have investigated Baddeley’s model. Overwhelmingly, the empirical evidence supports the division of working memory into modality-based short-term stores and a modality-free processing center where the work of working memory is conducted. FIGURE 2.3 Baddeley’s (2006) working memory model. The Phonological Loop The phonological loop, originally referred to as the articulatory loop, is a limited-capacity, speech-based store of verbal information (Baddeley, 1986, 2003a; Baddeley, Gathercole, & Papagno, 1998). Baddeley divides the loop into two subcomponents: a temporary, passive phonological input store and a subvocal, articulatory rehearsal process. Orally presented verbal information gains immediate, direct, and automatic access to the phonological loop, where it is briefly stored in phonological form (Hitch, 1990; Logie, 1996). The phonological loop is analogous to an audio tape recorder loop of specific length...
eBook - ePubTheoretical Aspects of Memory
Volume 2
- Michael Gruneberg, Peter E Morris, Michael Gruneberg, Peter E Morris(Authors)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...(Baddeley et al. 1988). P.V. was unable to retain unfamiliar phonological material even temporarily, and so proved completely unable to learn new words. Once again, a short-term memory deficit resulted in a corresponding impairment of long-term learning for that domain of information. The case of E.L.D. is an important one. It provides a clear demonstration that, despite theoretical debates and uncertainties about how best to characterize the mechanisms and processes embodied in the sketchpad, it is a component of working memory which fulfils many useful functions in everyday life. Learning about new visual events is an ability which makes the human race particularly responsive to changes in the environment. The present evidence suggests that, without the sketchpad, our adaptability would be significantly reduced. THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE Since Baddeley and Hitch (1974) first introduced the concept of the central executive, many different functions have been ascribed to the most complex and powerful component of the working memory model. It has been suggested that the central executive is involved in regulatory and control activities. Amongst these activities feature the control of attention and action, the regulation of the flow of information through components of the working memory system, and the retrieval of information from long-term memory. More generally, the central executive has been suggested to house consciousness. The central executive is also believed to possess both storage and processing capabilities that are fuelled by limited capacity processing resources. These resources are general purpose in nature, and so can be flexibly deployed in order to respond to a wide range of different informationprocessing requirements...
eBook - ePub- Alan Baddeley, Michael W. Eysenck, Michael C. Anderson(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89–195). New York: Academic Press. Baars, B. J. (1997). In the theater of consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. Baars, B. J. (2002). The conscious access hypothesis: Origins and recent evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (1), 47–52. Baddeley, A. D. (1968). A 3-min reasoning test based on grammatical transformation. Psychonomic Science, 10, 341–342. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baddeley, A. D. (1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A (1), 5–28. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (11), 417–423. Baddeley, A. D. (2007). Working memory, thought and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baddeley, A. (2012). Working memory, theories models and controversy. The Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 12.11–12.29. Baddeley, A. D. (2019). Working memories: Postmen, divers and the cognitive revolution. London: Routledge. Baddeley, A. D., & Andrade, J. (2000). Working memory and the vividness of imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129 (1), 126–145. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.129.1.126 Baddeley, A. D., Chincotta, D., & Adlam, A. (2001). Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 641–657. Baddeley, A. D., & Dale, H. C. A. (1966). The effect of semantic similarity on retroactive interference in long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 417–420. Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998). The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review, 105, 158–173. Baddeley, A...
eBook - ePubHuman Memory
Structures and Images
- Mary B. Howes(Author)
- 2006(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
...WM consists of the following three components: (1) a maintenance or storage component, which “holds” the activated information; (2) a processing component (the capacity to perform processing activities on the information being maintained), and (3) a central executive, which directs the processing activities. It is posited that there are specialized buffers for different kinds of content (such as phonemic, visual, spatial, etc.). Baddeley (1986, 1992a, 1992b, 1994, 2002), Baddeley and Andrade (1994), and Logie (1995) have revised the original model in several ways. It is posited, for instance, that there are a larger number of specialized constituents than were originally identified. According to this view, there are subcomponents to both the phonological store and the visuospatial sketchpad. For instance, the sketchpad appears to involve specialized (domain-specific) processing capacities for visual shape information and separate (domain-specific) capacities for spatial information. An additional revision of the model involves the belief that the central executive is probably not a single function either. Instead, there may be a variety of executive functions depending on the specific type of attentional control process (Baddeley, 1992a, 1992b; Baddeley & Logie, 1999). For instance, the work of shifting attention may be controlled by processes other than the processes involved in the work of managing more than one task. Figure 5.1 Stimuli Used in the Smith and Jonides (1997) Study SOURCE: From Smith, E.E. & Jonides, J. “Working memory: A view from neuro-imaging,” in Cognitive Psychology, 33 (1), copyright © 1997. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier. NOTE: The experimental conditions are shown in the blocks to the left (a). The recognition test stimulus is in the fourth square from the left...
