Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

11 Key excerpts on "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs"

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  Supervisory Management

  The Art of Inspiring, Empowering, and Developing

  • Donald Mosley, Donald Mosley, Jr., Paul Pietri, , Donald Mosley, Donald Mosley, Jr., Paul Pietri(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Understand and explain Maslow’s hier- archy of needs theory and the principle underlying his theory. hierarchy of needs Arrangement of people’s needs in a hierarchy, or ranking of importance. physiological or biological needs The need for food, water, air, and other physical necessities. safety or security needs The need for protection from danger, threat, or deprivation. EXHIBIT 7-4 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self- Fulfillment or Self-Actualization Ego or Esteem Social or Belonging Safety or Security Physiological or Biological Learning new skills, growing and developing, feeling a sense of accomplishment, exercising responsibility. Praise, recognition, promotion, getting one's name in the company paper as "employee of the month," being given more responsibility, being asked for help or advice. Work groups, group meetings, company-sponsored events. Safe working conditions, pensions and benefits, job security, fair treatment, fair grievance system. Pay, rest breaks, clean air. Ways of Satisfying the Need on the Job Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 198 Part 3: Leading favoritism, discrimination, or the unpredictable application of policies can be a powerful threat to the safety of any employee at any level Social or Belonging Needs Social or belonging needs include the need for belonging, association, acceptance by colleagues, and friendship and love. Although most super- visors know these needs exist, many assume—wrongly—they represent a threat to the organization.

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  Psychology for Actors

  Theories and Practices for the Acting Process

  • Kevin Page(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Maslow postulated that human motivation is a multi-tiered affair, where one level of need must be satisfactorily fulfilled in order for the next higher level to emerge, creating a hierarchy, or predictable order of emergence, that is developmentally driven across the life span (Maslow, 1943a, 1943b). At the bottom of this hierarchy are what Maslow termed “physiological needs,” such as food, water, and oxygen, followed by sleep and the need for sex. Explained in the simplest of terms, if a person is starving or dying of thirst, it is unlikely that they will pay much attention to their needs for good company or conversation and position in the community until they have solved the problem of hunger or thirst.

  The other higher levels of psychological needs that emerge after the physiological needs are met include (in this order): safety, security, and stability needs (such as shelter and a stable, predictable social system); love and a sense of belongingness (this includes family and intimate relationships); self-respect and esteem (a standing in a community of peers or “a place in society”); and growth needs where the individual develops and makes use of their inherent potentials and talents (this process Maslow called “self-actualization”).

  Maslow believed that the more basic needs, such as the physiological and security needs, must be fulfilled before the less critical but psychologically important needs could emerge.

  Maslow often portrayed his hierarchy as a pyramid where the more basic physiological needs made up the larger base, and the higher levels stacked on top in ever-smaller layers until the pyramid’s apex was topped by the self-actualization needs at the pointed pinnacle, visually demonstrating the idea of tiered emergence:

  It is only in the healthiest, most mature, most evolved individuals that higher values are chosen and preferred consistently more often . . . [M]an’s higher nature rests upon man’s lower nature, needing it as a foundation and collapsing without this foundation. That is, for the mass of mankind, man’s higher nature is inconceivable without a satisfied lower nature as a base. The best way to develop this higher nature is to fulfill and gratify the lower nature first. Furthermore, man’s higher nature rests also on the existence of a good or fairly good environment, present and previous.

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  Motivating to Perform in the Workplace

  • Institute of Leadership & Management(Author)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Love needs . Having fed ourselves and made ourselves safe, the next level of need comes into play. The ‘love’ or social needs are then important to us – affection, friendship and belonging.

  ■  Esteem needs . After satisfying all these ‘lower’ needs, we look for esteem, self-respect and achievement.

  ■  The need for self-actualization . The final human goal is self-fulfilment – the development of our full potential in whatever field our talents lie.

  ‘But what happens to man’s desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled? At once other (and “higher”) needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still “higher”) needs emerge and so on.’ – A. H. Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) .

  We can represent Maslow’s ideas in the form of a staircase diagram:

  EXTENSION 6

  You may like to read more about Maslow’s work in Extension 6: Effective Motivation by John Adair, as listed on page 134.

  Activity 45

  State which of Maslow’s ‘needs categories’ might be satisfied by each of the following items, by putting a tick in the appropriate column. See whether you agree with my answers, which are given on page 140.

  2.2. Some alternatives to Maslow’s ideas

  Since Maslow’s work was published in the 1940s, people have looked again at the concept that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy. In particular, Edward E. Lawler III claimed that the evidence supporting these ideas is not sufficiently convincing. He suggested that some needs are always present, like the need for dignity and fair treatment. Other needs come and go, like hunger and the need for the company of others. C. P. Alderfer simplified Maslow’s list down to three categories:

  ■  existence ,

  ■  relating to others , and

  ■  growth .

  Alderfer suggested that these three factors can operate at the same time. This rather contradicts Maslow’s theory that people are aware of higher order needs only when lower order needs are satisfied.

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  Theories of Personality

  • Duane P. Schultz; Sydney Ellen Schultz, Duane Schultz, Sydney Schultz(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  For example, pursuing self-actualization requires greater freedom of expression and opportunity than pursuing safety needs. • A need does not have to be satisfied fully before the next need in the hierarchy becomes important. Maslow proposed a declining percentage of satisfaction for each need. Offering a hypothetical example, he described a person who satisfied, in turn, Need for self-actualization Esteem needs (from self and others) Belongingness and love needs Safety needs: security, order, and stability Physiological needs: food, water, and sex FIGURE 9.1 Maslow ’ s hierarchy of needs deficit (deficiency) needs The lower needs; failure to satisfy them produces a defi-ciency in the body. growth (being) needs The higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential. Chapter 9: Abraham Maslow: Needs-Hierarchy Theory 251 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 85 percent of the physiological needs, 70 percent of the safety needs, 50 percent of the belongingness and love needs, 40 percent of the esteem needs, and 10 percent of the self-actualization need. Physiological Needs If you have ever been swimming and had to struggle for air while under water, or if you have gone too long without eating, you can understand how trivial the needs for love or esteem or anything else can be when your body is experiencing a physio-logical deficiency. A starving person craves only food. But once that need is satisfied, the person is no longer driven by it.

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  Human & Social Development NQF3 SB

  TVET FIRST

  • N Horn, P Huygen, S Woodward K Smith(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Macmillan

    (Publisher)

  3. The individual is now in a secure position and needs love and affection. He or she also needs social activities, and above all needs social approval. 4. Having established a position of social approval, the individual can now concentrate on self-esteem. This need concerns accomplishments that help to build up ego and self-respect. 5. Next, the individual can focus on acquiring knowledge (cognitive needs) and on satisfying aesthetic needs. 6. The last step is self-actualisation. Very few people reach this stage. It is the serene stage, when we accomplish everything we need to do. It is almost impossible for the ordinary person to reach this stage, and we would have to become saints to achieve this. By nature, humans are always unsatisfied and normally try to attain something better. However, the crux of Maslow’s theory is that we cannot fulfil the growth needs until all the other need levels have been partially fulfilled. Maslow calls the highest growth need the need for self-actualisation – ‘a desire to become ever more what one is, to become everything one can become’. This is the level at which we develop our individual talents and unique potentials. Maslow’s hierarchy does not propose that one level of needs grows out of another. We are all born with an innate drive to fulfil all these levels of needs. What the hierarchy does propose is that we cannot fulfil a certain level unless we have partially satisfied the previous levels. It makes sense that people whose lives are spent trying to fulfil physiological and security needs have little energy left to seek knowledge and to improve themselves. The individual might have intellectual needs, but they will not motivate him or her to fulfil this need until the basic needs have been sufficiently satisfied. Needs that are low in the hierarchy must at least be partially satisfied before needs that are higher in the hierarchy. This becomes an important source of motivation. Think about it

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  Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia

  An Investigation into the Higher Education Sector

  • Rodwan Hashim Mohammed Fallatah, Jawad Syed(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Palgrave Macmillan

    (Publisher)

  1993 ).

  Khan et al. (2011 ) and Marques (2011 ) consider this theory to be the best known and most influential theory of motivation . Maslow’s theory has, in fact, had an immense influence to the point that many believe ‘most content-based motivation theories are based on Maslow’s (1954a ) Hierarchy of Needs …’ (Barbuto JR and Story 2011 , p. 25).

  Maslow’s Theory

  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  Maslow argues that motivation is best understood in terms of a Hierarchy of Needs , which for him are physiological , safety , love, esteem and self-actualisation (Bagozzi et al. 2003 ).

  Physiological Needs

  The starting point for the Hierarchy of Needs model is the basic physiological needs , e.g. oxygen, food, shelter, water, rest, etc. (Netotea-Suciu et al. 2012 ). According to Maslow , physiological needs are the most important to employees and without those, it is impossible to motivate and satisfy them (Khan et al. 2011 ).

  Physiological needs are presumed to be igniting the process of satisfaction (Kenrick et al. 2010 ), with the other basic needs in the hierarchy being derived from the satisfaction of the physiological needs (Maslow 1954a ). Thus, they ‘serve as channels for all sorts of other needs as well’ (Maslow 1943 , p. 373). What this means is that the major motivation first and foremost would undoubtedly result from the physiological needs —the most prepotent of all human basic needs (Raus et al. 2012 ). All of the other needs such as getting out of danger (safety /security needs ), affiliating with others and being accepted (belongingness and love needs ), achieving, being competent and gaining approval and recognition (esteem needs ), and problem-solving and personal growth (self-actualising needs ) become secondary (Maslow 1943

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  A History of Psychology in Metascientific Perspective

  • K.B. Madsen(Author)
  • 1988(Publication Date)
  • North Holland

    (Publisher)

  Maslow's production 427 Fig. 9.2. Graphical representation of Maslow's need-hierarchy. satisfied; the individual is then motivated with self-actualization needs to de- velop and utilize his talents for creative work. But this growth- or meta-domi- nated activity is interrupted now and again by lower deficiency needs arising as the result of another deficiency. This may be hunger or thirst or other organic needs, which arise at intervals because the life processes themselves need a constant supply of nourishment, etc., or a safety need, which arises because the external situation bodes of danger or insecurity. Finally, it may also be an 428 Humanistic psychology affiliative or esteem need, which becomes so strong that it dominates the indi. vidual's consciousness and behavior. For, according to the hierarchy hypothe- sis, a lower need in the hierarchy will always be stronger and more dominating than a higher need. We can summarize this hierarchy hypothesis in a diagram (Fig. 9.2). There are nevertheless a couple of exceptions from the hierarchy hypothesis, which are formulated in two other hypotheses.

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  Theories of Personality

  • Richard Ryckman(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Presumably, we would be able to cast out this evil in ourselves. Because the evidence for a natural ethic is unconvincing, however, we are left with only the word of a moral authority, Maslow, that such a set of values indeed exists. The Hierarchy of Human Needs According to Maslow, human beings have two basic sets of needs that are rooted in their biology: deficiency needs (or basic needs), and growth needs (or meta needs). The basic needs are more urgent than the growth needs and are arranged in a hierarchical order. Maslow acknowledged that there may be exceptions to this hierarchical arrangement. For example, he maintained that there are creative people whose drive to create is more important than any other need. There are also people whose values and ideals are so strong that they will die rather than renounce them. The meta needs, in contrast, are not arranged hierarchically. In general, they are equally powerful and can be easily substi- tuted one for another. When any of these needs is not fulfilled, the person becomes sick. Just as we need adequate amounts of vitamin C to remain healthy, so we need love from others in sufficient quantities to function properly (Maslow, 1962, p. 21). In order to move toward self-actualization, we must have sufficiently gratified our basic needs, so that we are free to pursue fulfillment of the higher, transcending, meta needs (Maslow, 1962, p. 23). Basic needs From most to least powerful, the basic needs are the physiological drives, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs. (See Figure 12.1.) The pre- conditions necessary for the satisfaction of these needs include the “freedom to speak… freedom to express oneself, freedom to investigate and seek for information, freedom to defend oneself, justice, fairness, honesty, orderliness in the group” (Maslow, 1970a, p. 47). Without these freedoms, satisfaction of the basic needs is virtually impossible.

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  Perceiving, Behaving, Becoming: Lessons Learned

  • H. Jerome Freiberg(Author)
  • 1999(Publication Date)
  • ASCD

    (Publisher)

  It can be shown that corporate employees start out being preoccupied with safety needs and later become more concerned about achievement, but this may be a function of changing social roles or situations rather than proof of some in-herent relationship among innate needs that plays out automatically. Once the empirical basis for Maslow’s hierarchy has been challenged, one is free to identify and question the values that led him to arrange these needs in the order he did. That Maslow seems to regard the need for love or affiliation as “lower” than the need for self-actualization or even achieve-ment seems to suggest that the desire to connect with others is “some sort of irritant that needs fixing so that people will be free to focus on more im-portant things such as achievement and success” (Sergiovanni, 1994, pp. 65–66). One has difficulty imagining this particular hierarchy being proposed by a female or Asian psychologist, for example. Maslow has been faulted for “an atomistic view of the self” (Geller, 1982, p. 69), for his premise that we “achieve full humanness through an intense affair with the self” (Aron, 1977/1986, p. 99). 2 But even those who are sympathetic to the individualism that undergirds his writings, includ-ing his equation of health with self -actualization, ought to keep in mind that this is the worldview of a particular historical period and a particular 100 P ERCEIVING , B EHAVING , B ECOMING : L ESSONS L EARNED 2 Aron’s essay is reprinted in Politics and Innocence, a fascinating collection devoted to the social and political implications of humanistic psychology. Contributions by Walter Nord and Allan R. Buss, in particular, explore the conservative and individualistic implications of humanistic psychology and especially of Maslow’s work.

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  Becoming more of what we are : the awareness of need as drive for personal, social and political unfolding

  • Julia Felder(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • LIT Verlag

    (Publisher)

  THE DYNAMIC HIERARCHY The satisfaction of needs gives us pleasure. However, when we get what we want, satisfaction does not last for long. Soon we strive for something else. When our hunger is stilled, we can concentrate on something else, we might care more about our housing condition for example. The organ- ism’s primary motivation changes, our perception changes, our behaviours change. We reach a higher level of needs as soon as the lower ones are sat- isfied. However, we should keep in mind that this is a simplified image as we are always motivated by combinations of drives (Maslow 2010, 50). The levels of needs are as follows: The physiological needs are the most fundamental and predominant motivations. Basic nutrition and physiological health (to be free from strong pains) are on the bottom of the hierarchy (Ibid. 63). However, only in case of an extreme condition of hunger one could speak of one drive determin- ing the whole organism. It is a very rare condition that cannot be used as a generalisation for all the other needs as it has been done before (Ibid. 65). In terms of basic health, defined as being free from pain, we must also take into account the psychosomatic aspect. So we always have to keep in mind that when we talk of needs, we have to look at the whole situation of the organism in its social environment. An illustration of only one aspect of this system is simplifying the matter (Ibid. 10). 40 2 WHAT NEED CAN MEAN On the next level the safety needs appear; they are needs for shelter and protection from external threats. Like the strictly physiological needs safety needs are too predominant but to a reduced degree (Ibid. 60). Love and belonging needs are also part of everyone’s striving towards health. They are less urgent, but we still place intense efforts on loving relationships, friendships, romantic love, love for children and so on. The striving for respect and esteem as well as self-esteem is also part of these needs.

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  Motivation Pocketbook

  • Max A. Eggert(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Management Pocketbooks

    (Publisher)

  N EED THEORIES 9 Contents Page Copyright protected – Management Pocketbooks Ltd NEED THEORIES THE BASIC MODEL 10 FEED BACK FEED BACK THE BASIC NEED THEORY MODEL Copyright protected – Management Pocketbooks Ltd NEED THEORIES PYRAMID MAN THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS The ‘hierarchy of needs’ theory is based on the premise that individuals require satisfaction on ascending levels of need. Maslow, who developed the theory, suggested that when one level of satisfaction is achieved another level of need becomes important, rather like an ascending staircase. 11 To page 4 To page 50 Copyright protected – Management Pocketbooks Ltd NEED THEORIES PYRAMID MAN THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Sometimes it is shown as a pyramid. We explain each level of need. 12 Copyright protected – Management Pocketbooks Ltd NEED THEORIES PYRAMID MAN 1. Physiological needs The most basic needs, at the foot of the pyramid, are physiological, namely: ● Air ● Water ● Food ● Sleep ● Sex These are essential for the continuation of life. If they were removed our lives would be endangered. Some would even fight to secure them. At the most basic level we will work for food and drink. Once this physiological need is satisfied we move up to the second level, the need for security. 2. Security needs Here we need to be safe from harm and to achieve this we require: ● Shelter and clothing ● Personal safety and security Once this security need is satisfied we move up to the third level which represents our social needs. 13 Copyright protected – Management Pocketbooks Ltd NEED THEORIES PYRAMID MAN 3. Social needs Since we are not social islands we need: ● Friends and colleagues ● To be part of a group ● To be part of a team We want people to talk to, who will share our joys and concerns, our hopes, fears and aspirations. We want to be part of a team and experience group solidarity. Once this social need has been satisfied we move up to the fourth level which is our need for esteem.

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