Psychology
Vision Psychology
Vision psychology is the study of how the brain processes and interprets visual information. It encompasses the mechanisms of visual perception, including how the eyes and brain work together to create our visual experience. Researchers in this field investigate topics such as depth perception, color vision, visual illusions, and the impact of visual impairments on psychological well-being.
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4 Key excerpts on "Vision Psychology"
eBook - PDFBodies and Other Objects
The Sensorimotor Foundations of Cognition
- Rob Ellis(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
As its name suggests this is a partial description of visual space, encoding the orientation and distance of visible surfaces in a scene Representing the World 27 relative to a viewer. The final level of description, in the theory, is the 3D Model, which is meant to be a view-independent encoding of the three- dimensional shape of an object sufficient for its recognition. Neither of these stages has been implemented in subsequent work. Only partial insights into how something like a 2.5D Sketch might be derived have been offered and we have no clue how to construct a view-independent three-dimensional representation of shape in a brain. Viewed from the distance of more than thirty years the project to build on the startling success of the work in early vision appears to have run into the sand. Why has this work not progressed? Because, some would answer, it had a flawed conception of what vision is. For Marr: Vision is a process that produces from images of the external world a description that is useful to the viewer. (1982: 31) The remainder of the work described in this chapter will challenge both these claims. It rejects the assumption that the input to the human visual system is anything like an image projected onto the retinal surface and it rejects the further assumption that the primary, or sole, outcome of visual processing is a description or set of descriptions of the seen world in the brain of the perceiver. The Ecological Context of Vision J. J. Gibson was an early member of the counter-culture, remaining defiantly outside of the mainstream, as this transformed from behaviour- ism in the first half of the twentieth century to cognitive psychology in the second half. He would probably have not described himself as a phenomenologist, but several aspects of his approach to understanding perception in general and vision in particular echo the ideas we sketched in the previous chapter.
eBook - PDF- Zhongzhi Shi(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- World Scientific(Publisher)
168 Chapter 6 Visual Information Processing Vision is a process finding what the objects are and where they are in scenes from images, i.e. in the process symbol descriptions useful to observers are gained. Thus, vision is an information processing related with certain inputs and outputs. 6.1 Visual Physiological Mechanism An eye is the outer organ for vision, which is the most complicated organ of a human body. Most external information is received through eyes. Lights from objects enter eyes, and focalize on retinas to bring images. Nerve impulses emitted by retinas are transmitted through optic nerves to optic areas of palliums, and result in vision. Vision plays an important role in perceptive world of human. Environment information that men can react to is mostly transmitted by vision to cerebra. Vision occupies a dominative position in perceptive system. If a piece of information that is received by another organ is contradictive to a piece of vision information, human must react to vision information. Light entered eye and reached retina pass through tree refracting surface: a) air–cornea interface; b) aqueous humor–lens interface; c) lens–vitreous humor interface. The refracting system of the eye consists of four kinds of medium with different refractive indexes, as well as several refractive surfaces with different curvatures. It is possible to exactly describe the route light refracts through eyeball but it is over complicated. The usual method is employing the simplified eye, by which the route light passes through the eye can be figured out enough exactly. Visual Information Processing 169 6.1.1 Retina The retina is a part of the brain, which consists of several kinds of neurons processing visual information. The retina, about 0.5mm thick, clings to the back wall of the eyeball.
eBook - PDFInformation Photonics
Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications
- Asit Kumar Datta, Soumika Munshi(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Chapter 3 Vision, Visual Perception, and Computer Vision 3.1 Introduction Human visual perception is an active process of the brain starting with primal processing in the visual system. Visual perception (or vision) can be defined as the process or the result of processes of building an internal rep-resentation of an object or a scene in the mind of the viewer. This encom-passes entities or relations that are believed to exist in an external reality and that can be derived by processing reflected light rays (or an absence thereof). In other words, visual perception is the human ability to interpret a scene by processing information that is contained in visible light by the eye-brain mechanism. 3.1.1 Human visual system The human visual system can be regarded as consisting of two parts. In the first part the eyes act as image receptors which capture light and convert it into electrical or neuronal signals, which are then transmitted to image processing centres in the brain. These centres process the signals received from the eyes and build an internal replica of the scene being viewed. While the eyes convert visual signals to electrical impulses via a chemical process. In the second part the brain partly acts by simple image processing and partly by building and manipulating an internal model of the scene. 3.1.1.1 Structure of the human eye The anatomical structure of the eye can be divided into three structural regions: (a) protective structure of the eye consisting of the orbit, the eyelids, conjunctive, and the sclera; (b) anterior segment consisting of the cornea, the aqueous humour, iris, the crystalline lens, and the ciliary muscle; and (c) posterior segment consisting of the retina and the vitreous humour. 85
eBook - PDF- Andrew Fabian, Janet Gibson, Mike Sheppard, Simone Weyand, Andrew Fabian, Janet Gibson, Mike Sheppard, Simone Weyand(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
These percepts may occur in the context of healthy processing, as, for example, in sensory deprivation, during which hallucinations may be strong and vivid. They may also occur in the setting of disturbances to our cognitive or neural responses, as, for example, with drugs or neuropsychiatric impairment. By understanding the normal role and function of the visual system, and how it represents reality on the basis of its inputs, we may come to understand visions and to see them not as incomprehensible dislocations from reality and rationality, but as the products of a highly constructive and creative system that has been altered, unbalanced, or disturbed in some way. In this chapter, therefore, I examine visual perception and consider the ways in which it may be perturbed. I shall begin by considering the idea, one that emerged in the 1940s and 1950s, in cybernetics and information theory, of the need for an agent to construct a model of its world in order to interact with it fruitfully and optimally. I then consider the necessity that perception is a process not merely of passive reception but of inference. Crucially, it is inference that draws on the predictability in the signal and requires that the organism carries within it some prior knowledge of the world: a prior knowledge that can be drawn upon to enhance efficiency and resolve ambiguity. I discuss the ways in which this Paul Fletcher 36 principle – using prior knowledge to make predictions – may be enacted within the brain and I then apply these ideas to the central question: what might cause a person to experience visions? Starting Ideas: Cybernetics, Models and Prediction Before considering key principles of perception, it is worth thinking briefly and broadly about brain processes more generally. Across current cognitive neuroscience, one discerns a pervasive influence of the ideas of the mid-twentieth-century cyberneticists [2].
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