Design Life Cycle
The design life cycle refers to the stages a product goes through from concept to retirement. It typically includes phases such as research, design, development, testing, production, and maintenance. This systematic approach ensures that products are designed, manufactured, and maintained in a way that meets quality, cost, and time requirements.
7 Key excerpts on "Design Life Cycle"
eBook - ePub- Allan Seabridge, Ian Moir, Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
...This structured approach is something that is inherent in the ‘custom and practice’ of engineering or problem solving. Its formalisation into a process means that it can be applied repeatably with continuous improvement. The engineer developing a system must take into account a number of factors in the system environment that influence the outcome of his work. These factors (or design drivers) are considerations in trade‐offs that must be made to arrive at a balanced system solution that meets the demands of the customer and the business. The design drivers are examined in detail in Chapter 4. The design and development process is a combination of a process and people with appropriate skills to conduct the task. The process can be applied at all stages of the product lifecycle. What is more important is that all stages of the lifecycle are considered at the initial stages of the approach – in other words a whole lifecycle approach is taken. The following phase descriptions will provide an insight into the process and wide range of personal, technical, and managerial skills required. People are an integral part of the process, whether as developers of the system or as users. It is vital that people issues are considered throughout the lifecycle (for further information see Hall 1962 ; Checkland 1972 ; Jenkins 1972). 3.3 The Product Lifecycle Figure 3.1 shows a typical aircraft product lifecycle from concept through to disposal at the end of the product's useful life. A historical example of an experimental project being developed through the entire lifecycle from concept to retirement can be found in Seabridge and Skorczewski (2016). Figure 3.1 A typical aircraft product lifecycle. Individual product lifecycles will differ from this but it is a sufficiently good model to illustrate the role of engineering in the design and implementation of a systems‐based product...
eBook - ePubMaterials and the Environment
Eco-informed Material Choice
- Michael F. Ashby(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
...At the concept stage of design all options are open: the designer considers alternative concepts and the ways in which these might be separated or combined. The next stage, embodiment, takes the promising concepts and seeks to analyze their operation at an approximate level. This involves sizing the components and selecting materials that will perform properly in the ranges of stress, temperature, and environment suggested by the design requirements, examining the implications for performance and cost. The embodiment stage ends with a feasible layout, which is then passed to the detailed design stage. Here specifications for each component are drawn up. Critical components may be subjected to precise mechanical or thermal analysis. Optimization methods are applied to components and groups of components to maximize performance. A final choice of geometry and materials is made and the methods of production are analyzed and priced. The output of the detailed stage is a detailed production specification. The environmental impact that a product has over its subsequent life is largely determined by decisions taken during the design process. The concept, the embodiment, the detail, and the choice of materials and manufacturing process all play a role. A complete assessment of this impact requires a scrutiny of the entire life cycle. 3.3 The materials life cycle The idea of a life cycle has its roots in the biological sciences. Living organisms are born; they develop, mature, grow old and, ultimately, die. The progression is built-in—all organisms follow broadly the same path—but the way they develop on the way, and their behavior, lifespan, and influence depend on their interaction with their environment —the surroundings in which they live. Life sciences track the development of organisms and the ways in which they interact with their environment. The life cycle idea has since been adapted and applied in other fields...
eBook - ePub- Asko Sarja(Author)
- 2002(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...3 Life cycle design methods 3.1 Classification of design methods Life cycle quality as defined earlier in the text and Figure 0.1 in the Introduction, can be implemented in design with different types of methods and principles. A classification of these methods is presented in Figure 3.1. Life cycle design methods are tools to guarantee life cycle quality in design. The design methods can be classified in relation to the factors of life cycle quality as presented in Table 3.1. The methods shown in Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1 are mainly applied to design of buildings. The conceptual, creative design phase is decisive in ensuring that the potential benefits of the integrated design process are utilised effectively. These include traffic system planning and long-term optimisation, starting from regional planning and the planning of urban areas. Controlled and rational decision-making when optimising multiple requirements with evaluation criteria is possible through the application of systematic multiple attribute optimisation and decision-making. In the detailed design phase, life cycle aspects emphasise the need for total performance over the life cycle, including durability design and design for mechanical and hygrothermal performance. The incorporation of integrated design principles into practical design is a fairly extensive process, in which not only is the work of the structural engineers changing, but also co-operation has to be developed between structural engineers and other partners in construction and use. A modularisation of the design - the separation of the functional design and performance specifications from the detailed design of structural systems and modules - will be needed. The first part of the design process is performance-oriented. The second part is created by a close team of technical designers and contractors...
eBook - ePub- Andrew P. Sage, William B. Rouse(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Wiley-Interscience(Publisher)
...1 Systems Engineering Life Cycles: Life Cycles for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation; Acquisition; and Planning and Marketing F. G. PATTERSON, JR. 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter we discuss a number of process models, which we also refer to as life cycles. In so doing, we discuss what a life cycle is with respect to our concepts of systems engineering, systems thinking, and the systems approach. As engineers, we ask “What is a life cycle good for?” and “How does it work?” As students, we are constantly looking for fundamental principles and models with which to structure an understanding of our subject (Bruner, 1960). Thus, a study of life-cycle models is an appropriate way to begin an investigation of systems engineering. Our understanding of life cycles is based on our understanding of systems engineering or the systems engineering approach. Johnson et al. (1967) define a system as “an organized or complex whole; an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole... more precisely, an array of components designed to accomplish a particular objective according to plan.” An unorganized collection of parts has no purpose. As pointed out as early as in the writings of Aristotle (Ogle, 1941), it is exactly the identification of purpose with the organization of components that defines the approach that we refer to as systems engineering. Ackoff (1981) uses the term “systems thinking” to describe a means for understanding an entity in terms of its purpose. He formulates the concept of systems thinking as three steps: 1. Identify a containing whole (system), of which the thing to be explained is a part. 2. Explain the behavior or properties of the containing whole. 3. Explain the behavior or properties of the thing to be explained in terms of its role(s) or function(s) within its containing whole. Strategic planning is purposeful, goal oriented, and goal setting...
eBook - ePubDesigning for Life
A Human Perspective on Technology Development
- Pertti Saariluoma, José J. Cañas, Jaana Leikas, Pertti Saariluoma(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
...End users should be seen as experts in their everyday life who can participate in exploring and inventing products and services for their own forms of life. Foundations for co-design will be further elaborated in the final chapter of this book. The concept design phase ends with technical design and implementation. Here the designers generate mock-ups and prototypes by using the kinds of technologies that should be able to meet the design goals and make it possible for the users to reach their goals in the form of life. In this stage, the issues of user interface, usability, and user experience become focal. These may include, for example, deciding between the use of fixed or mobile technology, as well as special devices for realizing a particular design goal. Congruent with the ISO standards of human-centred design, this phase entails the use of traditional human-centred design processes, such as user interface design and usability and user experience studies as part of LBD (Leikas 2009). These would also include such issues as emotional experience and value of technology for the user (Odom et al. 2013). To summarize, the main questions of the concept design phase include: Defining the role of technology in achieving action goals; Solution ideation and reflection; Elaborating selected solutions; Usability and user experience design; User evaluations (usability); and Technical design, iteration, and implementation. The final outcome of this phase is a definition of the technological concept and a description of how people would use it in their specific form of life. Hence, the process explains: (1) how the proposed technology will be part of the user’s everyday life and (2) (user) requirement specifications for implementation. Fit-for-life design is the third phase of LBD. It refers to examining the benefits and meaningfulness users can get from the developed solutions and the impact they have on the quality of life...
eBook - ePub- Carlo Vezzoli, Cindy Kohtala, Amrit Srinivasan, Liu Xin, Moi Fusakul, Deepta Sateesh, J.C. Diehl(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...This increasing role is due to the fact that: The emphasis shifts from end-of-pipe controls and remedial actions to prevention The emphasis expands from isolated parts of the product life cycle (i.e. only production) to a holistic life cycle perspective The emphasis passes further into the socio-cultural dimension, into territory where the designer becomes a 'hinge' or link between the world of production and that of the user and the social/societal surroundings in which these processes take place The emphasis widens towards enabling users' alternative and more sustainable lifestyles Within this framework the discipline of Design for Sustainability has emerged, which in its broadest and most inclusive meaning could be defined as: ‘a design practice, education and research that, in one way or another, contributes to sustainable development’. 1 Design for Sustainability has enlarged its scope and field of action over time, as observed by various authors (Karlsson and Luttrop 2006; Rocchi 2005; Vezzoli and Manzini 2008a; Ryan 2004; Charter and Tischner 2001). The focus has expanded from the selection of resources with low environmental impact to the Life Cycle Design or Eco-design of products, to designing for eco-efficient Product-Service Systems and to designing for social equity and cohesion. All this should be understood as a process widening the boundaries of the object of design. In fact, this interpretation of Design for Sustainability (and its four approaches: 1. selection of resources with low environmental impact; 2. design of products with low environmental impact; 3. Product-Service System Design for eco-efficiency; 4. design for social equity and cohesion) does not necessarily represent a chronological evolution, nor does it define precise boundaries between one approach and another, as its status varies in various contexts...
eBook - ePubManual of Engineering Drawing
British and International Standards
- Colin H. Simmons, Dennis E. Maguire, Neil Phelps(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Butterworth-Heinemann(Publisher)
...Today, the designer is probably familiar with the term Design for X where X is the specific area the design relates to. Examples of X could be: • Manufacture • Assembly • Maintenance • Environment • Re-use • Disposal • Recycling • Environment • Life cycle. As can be seen, with the exception of life cycle, the ‘Design for’ initiatives relate to just one element of a product's life cycle whereas designers should be considering designing for the whole product life cycle from manufacture to disposal (see Fig. 3.1). Whilst design for the environment spans the product life cycle, it can be considered to apply separately to each element of the life cycle by minimizing the impact on the environment from the procedures, materials and waste streams produced by that element. The British Standards Institution (BSi) recognized that whilst there are standards on design management (BS 7000 series) and product specification (BS 7373 parts 1 & 2) there was a deficiency in standardization covering the whole product life cycle. The BS 8887 Design for manufacture, assembly, disassembly and end-of-life processing (MADE) series has been (and is being) developed to give the designer better insight into preparing design concept and specification documentation for use beyond the manufacturing stage. BS 8887-1 (first published in 2006) introduces the general concepts, processes and requirements for Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly and End of Life Processing (MADE). It is not intended to be a teaching aid for designers but does provide information for designers to make the most cost-effective use of their design output by specifying requirements for the preparation, content and structure of the design output across the product life cycle...
