Metrology

6 Key excerpts on "Metrology"

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  eBook - PDF

  Metrology

  • Anil(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • IntechOpen

    (Publisher)

  Section 1 Metrology in General Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Metrology Anil Akdogan Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75541 1. Introduction Metrology, the science of measurement, is crucial for manufacturing technologies. Since man-ufacturing has made huge leaps depending on the improvements in Metrology, the book reflects recent developments in Metrology in detail. This book focuses on dimensional and geometric measurements as well as technical testing and quality control applications in industry. It also intends the fundamentals of Metrology concerning the related standards and systems of units. In addition, the book considers the calibration of measurement instruments and measurement uncertainties as the basic requirements of the related quality standards. Furthermore, it mentions the trends in micro and nanoMetrology and microscopic examina-tions. Topics covered in this book are of course not limited to them. The readers can find chapters about Metrology in a wide frame. Physical properties such as length, weight, and temperature are determined by comparison with known quantities. In addition, measurement techniques are available in all engineer-ing disciplines and allow for the creation and operation of all other scientific branches. In particular, measurement techniques are required at all levels of laboratory works. In fact, we practically measure many things: the weight of our body, the volume of our fuel oil, the temperature of the house, the noise at the factory, the distance between two points, etc. In addition to having an important place in our daily life, the measurement technique is the basis of almost all science branches such as Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Measurement tech-niques are used to solve technical problems at all science branches.

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  Optimizing and Testing WLANs

  Proven Techniques for Maximum Performance

  • Tom Alexander(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Newnes

    (Publisher)

  27 Metrology, Test Instruments, and Processes This chapter serves as a brief, and hopefully painless, introduction to the basic concepts and terminology of Metrology, with emphasis on those topics that are most pertinent to wireless LAN (WLAN) devices. The various types of test instruments generally used during all phases of the design and testing of WLAN devices, systems and networks are also presented, with some indication as to what each piece of test equipment might actually be used for. 2.1 Metrology: the Science of Measurement Metrology is defined as “the science of measurement”. The term is generally applied to both experimental and theoretical determinations of values, usually within scientific and technical fields. The science of Metrology predates the Industrial Revolution; indeed, it was essential for the mass-production methods that led to the modern manufacturing. 2.1.1 Quantitative vs. Qualitative The terms “quantitative” and “qualitative” both refer to means of analyzing or describing the properties of something, typically a physical or logical entity. In qualitative analysis, the properties are described in terms of classifications or attributes, or assessed relative to something else. For example “color” is a qualitative property, and is expressed in terms of arbitrarily assigned tags such as “red”, “orange”, and so on. A quantitative property, however, exists in a range of magnitudes, and can therefore be measured and expressed in numeric forms. Continuing the example, a quantitative version of “color” (for physicists and photographers) is color temperature, which is the temperature in Kelvin to which a black body must be raised to emit light of the equivalent wavelength. Engineering measurements normally focus on the quantitative rather than the qualitative attributes of devices and systems.

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  Forensic Metrology

  Scientific Measurement and Inference for Lawyers, Judges, and Criminalists

  • Ted Vosk, Ashley F. Emery(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  36 As such, the fundamental principles of metrol-ogy provide a common vocabulary and framework by which one can analyze any measurement, whether for scientific, industrial, commercial, or other purposes. And whether realized or not, every measurement everywhere in the world is dependent upon these principles for scientific validity. Put simply, “if science is measurement, then without Metrology there can be no science.” 37 ∗ It is now recognized that Metrology provides a fundamental basis not only for the phys-ical sciences and engineering, but also for chemistry, the biological sciences and related areas such as the environment, medicine, agriculture and food. 38 Given the role that science and technology play in the world, the importance of Metrology is recognized by all technologically advanced nations. Its principles ∗ The authors do not subscribe to the view that qualitative observation cannot form the basis for scientific investigation. It is relatively uncontroversial to note, however, that when relevant and feasible, quanti-tative measurement provides higher content and more useful information. Thus, in any event, without Metrology, science would be far less advanced and accomplished. Science, Metrology, and the Law 29 provide the framework for technological aspects of international trade agreements, national and international laboratory accreditation requirements and formal scien-tific and industrial standards. In fact, most nations have a national Metrology institute which provides the basis for competent measurement practices within its borders as well as coordinating with those of other nations to establish a body of internationally accepted measurement practices. Quite literally, “[m]etrology has become a necessity for trade, technical cooperation, scientific comparison and even simple exchange of information” [136].

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  Nanotechnology Commercialization

  • Takuya Tsuzuki(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Jenny Stanford Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Specific issues related to the characterisation of ENPs will be further explored in this chapter and there is also a brief summary of some of the most common techniques currently used for dimensional measurements of ENPs and their principles, advantages and limitations. 9.1 Metrology: The Science of Measurement T he term “Metrology” is defined as the science of measurement and its application [26]. It follows that nanoMetrology is the science of measurement in the nanoscale, where the nanoscale is the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm [22]. In a lecture to the Institution of Civil Engineers in London, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made the famous remark [38]: When you can measure what you are speaking about, you know something about it. But when you cannot measure it, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind. It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely advanced to the stage of science. A saying commonly added to this remark is that you cannot make what you cannot measure and historically Metrology has always been a prerequisite for successful manufacturing and commercialisation. Some of the key terms and concepts used in the field of Metrology, as defined in ref. [26], include the following: • Measurand —“the quantity intended to be measured”. This needs to be clearly defined and understood. For example, the measurand for the size of a complex shaped nanoparticle (NP) may involve lengths in three dimensions, the aspect ratio, the temperature and the measuring technique used. • Reference —“a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such”. For example, the length of a given rod may be 5.34 m, a product of a number and a measurement unit, namely the metre. • Calibration —“an operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity

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  Handbook of Optical Dimensional Metrology

  • Kevin Harding(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  3 © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1 Optical Metrology Overview Kevin Harding 1.1 Introduction Modern tools of manufacturing add new flexibility to how parts can be made. Multiple axes of motion, multi-pass operations, fine control in some areas, and fast sweeps in others are all means to improve the speed, quality, and flexibility of manufacturing. A key set of tools that is needed to work within this new multidimensional environment is Metrology, and this Metrology tool set must be up to the task of providing the type of information needed to control manufacturing systems. CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Sensor Technology Justification ............................................................................... 6 1.2 Understanding the Problem ................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Basic Terms for Sensor Technology ......................................................................... 7 1.2.1.1 Repeatability ................................................................................................ 7 1.2.1.2 Resolution ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1.3 Accuracy ....................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1.4 Dynamic Range ........................................................................................... 9 1.2.1.5 Speed of Measurement versus Bandwidth ............................................ 10 1.3 Process Control Sensors: Background .............................................................................. 10 1.3.1 Machine Vision Sensors Overview .......................................................................

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  Metrology in Industry

  The Key for Quality

  • Dominique Placko(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-ISTE

    (Publisher)

  – make it your business, first and foremost, to define the real needs of the firm; this is the most difficult step, but the most momentous because it will give the company a choice of solutions and consequently lead to a budget. You have to adapt yourself to today’s needs, but remain aware of what tomorrow will be. Thinking ahead is certainly not reprehensible.

  There is a real need to define the physical or chemical quantities, as well as the characteristics of the products that the firm is to measure, to set the measuring ranges, and to define the measurement uncertainties with regard to the requirements of a standard of products, of the method of testing or of any other criteria which have to be complied with.

  3.2. Goals and role of the measurement management system — metrological function

  The EN ISO 10012 standard introduces the concept of a “measurement management system” and defines it as a set of interrelated or interacting elements necessary to achieve a metrological confirmation and a continual control of measurement processes. Therefore:

  – the metrological confirmation of the measuring equipment must be seen; – a control of the measurement processes must be organized.

  The first point (the metrological confirmation of the measuring equipment) represents the traditional activity of the Metrology function of firms as it was conceived a few years ago. The continuous control of the measurement processes has been added to this typical activity of management of a set of instruments.

  This developments has led to a new definition of the metrological function. It is to be found at paragraph 3.6 of the EN ISO 10012 norm: “Function which is administrative and technical responsibility for defining and implementing the measurement management system.”

  Consequently, the metrological function will be responsible for the metrological confirmation of the measuring equipment. This operation is defined as follows:

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