Robotics Engineering

8 Key excerpts on "Robotics Engineering"

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  eBook - PDF

  Applications of Computer Science and Technology in Different Fields

  • Adele Kuzmiakova(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Arcler Press

    (Publisher)

  Computer Science and Robotic Technology CHAPTER 6 CONTENTS 6.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 140 6.2. Types Of Robots Designed and Manufactured To Perform Various Task ................................................................................. 142 6.3. Experts That Aid In Development of The Best Robots ....................... 150 6.4. Human Computer Interactions (HCI) In Robotics ............................ 151 Applications of Computer Science and Technology in Different Fields 140 6.1. INTRODUCTION Robotics is a field in Computer Science and Engineering concerned with creating, designing, and operating robots using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Robots are computer systems programmed using software. These software systems are used to control the behavior of robots, such as their sensory feedback and information processing while carrying out different activities. The person creating a robot has to have theoretical knowledge on how to design and develop. Robotics does overlap with other fields such as electronics, mechatronics, nanotechnology, and bioengineering (Dominik and Jacek, 2014). Electronics knowledge is required in robotics. Robots are electronic devices, which require low voltage current for them to run efficiently and for longer hours using less power. Important design aspects to consider include robot’s speed, accuracy and precision of the feedback delivered by robots, robot’s flexibility. All these decisions can be made only after one has mastered computer science and electronics. Mechatronics field is closely related to Robotics in the sense that mechatronics deals with the systems in which inputs must be provided by an external factor whereas Robotics deals with systems which acquire inputs by their own. A Mechatronic expert must be pretty much qualified in manufacture of a robots’ mechanical parts; knowledgeable in its electrical aspect and programming aspect too.

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  Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

  • Ramesh Chandra(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Arcler Press

    (Publisher)

  Robots can be used for many tasks humans cannot perform alone. They may assist with manufacturing processes such as welding or painting; they may also help in the production of goods Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 198 such as packaging or assembling parts into larger units. For example, A robot arm controls an X-ray machine that scans patients’ bones during surgery to determine whether any abnormalities need further treatment before proceeding with the surgery itself; this type of robot has been called a “surgeon” because it can perform complex tasks more efficiently than humans could do them manually (and also because this particular kind of robot has been designed specifically for use inside hospitals (Gandini, 2011). Robotics is also one of the most prominent fields in artificial intelligence (AI). In simple terms, robotics is the use of computers or other technology to control machines or devices that do not traditionally have human operators. The field includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science; it also includes software development for robots. Robotics is also referred to as automata, a term first used in 1545 by Giovanni Battista Della Porta. 8.1 GENERAL FIELDS OF ROBOTICS Robotics is a broad term that covers several different fields. The major ones are listed below, along with some additional categories that are sometimes considered part of robotics but not necessarily considered fields or disciplines in themselves. 8.1.1 Military Robotics Military robotics is a subfield of robotics that focuses on military applications, such as the design and construction of unmanned systems for military purposes. The technology can also be used to monitor enemy activities from afar, or in support of other soldiers’ operations. Military robots are often remote-controlled by humans who direct their movements via a radio signal or video feed (Ferrari et al., 2015).

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  eBook - ePub

  Safety, Security, and Reliability of Robotic Systems

  Algorithms, Applications, and Technologies

  • Brij B. Gupta, Nadia Nedjah, Brij B. Gupta, Nadia Nedjah(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  On the other hand, intelligent mobile robotics deals with the design and implementation of autonomous agents that interact in a given environment through the information provided by perception systems, or knowledge, acting in order to perform predetermined tasks, provided that the field of computational vision ranges from the extraction of visual and geometric features, through 3D reconstruction methods, to the recognition of objects and scenes linked to robotics with respect to land and air robot methodologies, small robot examinations, and robotic simulation systems (Pandey et al. 2017).

  Robotics is characterized by its extreme multidisciplinary, being seen as the combination of themes inherent in mechanical and electrical engineering, control systems, and computer science, where wireless electronic sensors are integrated into devices with expert systems, with processing aid. Digital imaging still relies on the aid of AI technologies, building real-time object recognition, as it is required for robots or devices active in complex environments and requires computing power to recognize and identify objects, shapes, and people across of images, counting objects, cars, people for traffic applications, pedestrian traffic lights, and roads, among other scenarios (Niku 2020).

  The integration of computer vision aims to provide data on the positioning of people in the environment according to the visual field and generate the interactive behavior of the robot since the main objective of the area is, in short, the development of autonomous systems capable of operating in a given environment and performing a variety of tasks (Corke 2017).

  1.4 Technologies for robotics

  Generally speaking, AI is a branch of computer science that works to build machines that mimic human intelligence with AI applications by giving machines the ability to perform tasks previously done by one person but often faster and more quickly. Since an intelligent system can recognize the state it is in, it analyzes the possibilities of action and makes the decision on how to act according to its purpose (Hamann 2018).

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  Available until 26 Feb |Learn more

  Rev Up Robotics

  Real-World Computational Thinking in the K–8 Classroom

  • Jorge Valenzuela(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • ISTE

    (Publisher)

  Both the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) are the two most common robots used in a variety of space missions to provide astronauts the ability to explore. Both robots can capture data and footage that humans would never be able to without their assistance. ROVs have unmanned capabilities and can orbit freely or land on an outer space surface to explore terrain. RMS mechanical arms assist astronauts with performing critical and dangerous tasks during space missions.

  7. Mechatronics

  Mechatronics refers to the multidisciplinary branch of engineering that deals with engineering mechanical and electrical systems. It also includes the study and intersection of diverse topics such as computer science, systems, robotics, electronics, and telecommunications. A mechatronics engineer understands how to join the principles of mechanics, electronics, and computing to develop better, more cost-effective, and reliable systems. Many secondary and post-secondary institutions dedicate courses of study to mechatronics.

  8. Competitive Robotics

  During events held all over the world, teams of individuals build and program robots to compete with other robots to determine which was best at accomplishing a task or series of tasks. Many of the teams partaking in competitive robotics are comprised of students in the K–16 setting, but professional competitions are also becoming more common. Many criteria can be used to classify competitions with robots, so there is no standard way of referring to them. Some may include criteria such as the nature of movement, the use of branded materials (such as LEGO or VEX) versus open materials, indoor versus outdoor, and students versus professionals. The final chapter of this book is dedicated to this topic in the context of the K–8 setting.

  Robotics in Schools and Teaching with Robotics

  Thanks to the nationwide thrust of both STEM and CS, robotics is no longer reserved to factories, after school clubs, or groups of children participating in competitive robotics. More and more K–12 educators want to engage their learners in this fun and academic phenomenon but often are faced with hurdles that cause many of them to retreat. Obstacles include insufficient access and availability, lack of funding, or being unfamiliar with how to make robotics rigorous and aligned to the content being taught.

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  Robotics, Mechatronics, and Artificial Intelligence

  Experimental Circuit Blocks for Designers

  • Newton C. Braga(Author)
  • 2001(Publication Date)
  • Newnes

    (Publisher)

  Many definitions of mechatronics have been offered. The basic idea is the use of a synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics, and computer technology to pro-duce enhanced products or systems. Mechatronics thus is a subset of cybernetics . Since mechatronics and robotics can be placed in parallel blocks when study-ing their applications and circuits, they share many common points. This is why, when analyzing the curriculum of many courses in mechatronics, we find that they cover the operation and construction of robots. Likewise, when analyzing the curriculum of robotics courses, we find that they deal with the construction of devices that integrate mechanics and electronics! Another subject related to these studies is artificial intelligence . Modern robot-ics and mechatronics designs often include some degree of intelligence. The question of what criteria should be used to define intelligence in this case, and to determine what level exists within a machine, is a problem that lends itself to many approaches. For example, Alan Turing, a british mathematician, conceived an interesting test to determine if a machine is or isn’t intelligent. He proposed the use of a person to Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Robotics and Mechatronics 3 test the machine. Man and machine are connected via some kind of a modem such that the person doesn’t know who is at the other end of the line. Through this con-nection, they can exchange messages, thereby conducting a conversation. If the ma-chine can maintain a conversation well enough that the person can’t be sure if it is a human or machine, the machine can be considered intelligent. Today, engineers, researchers, experimenters, and students, when thinking about robotics, mechatronics, or artificial intelligence, have many common is-sues to consider. Projects in this field have some structural similarities, since they all use electronics and mechanics.

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  Cyber-Physical Systems

  A Computational Perspective

  • Gaddadevara Matt Siddesh, Ganesh Chandra Deka, Krishnarajanagar GopalaIyengar Srinivasa, Lalit Mohan Patnaik, Gaddadevara Matt Siddesh, Ganesh Chandra Deka, Krishnarajanagar GopalaIyengar Srinivasa, Lalit Mohan Patnaik(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Chapman and Hall/CRC

    (Publisher)

  269 Applications of Robotics in Cyber-Physical Systems contain one or more objectives and to perform so as to carry out the objectives� Objectives can be much easier and understandable, for example, “execute what-ever it leads to keep your partner secure�” A closer examination of this definition indicates that robotics is the study of learning robots (machines and gadgets), which means it is the analysis and learning of the independent, purposeful, and calculated observations and their performances in the natural world� Note that robotics is a quickly developing area whose description has been expanded over time, along with the area itself� 10.2.3 History of Robotics Robots have their backgrounds as much as old fictitious stories and traditions are concerned� New approaches were established and developed when mechanical transfor-mation permitted the usage of more additional machines like tools� The past events of robotics are briefly explained as follows, from the ancient moment to the existing time, century after century� 1495 AD ( mechanical knight ): The earliest well-known humanoid robot was created and outlined by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1495 (Figure 10�1)� The robot machine design is a knight in a representation of an Italian–German armor� The robot machine design consisted of two functioning architectures� There was a four-factor arrangement that regulates the arms, elbows, wrists, and shoulders� Along with it, there was a tri-factor arrangement that regulates the ankles, knees, and hips [1]� Leonardo had constructed other structures of robotics such as a walking automatic lion and a spring mechanized car, which is treated to be the first programmable computer� FIGURE 10.1 Leonardo da Vinci humanoid robot� (From Mechanical man, Retrieved November 8, 2014, from http://www� mikekemble�com/misc/leonardo�html�)

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  eBook - PDF

  Construction Robotics

  • Nelson Bolívar(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Arcler Press

    (Publisher)

  Construction Robotics 4 projects are handled in this sector. At several stages, it has been observed that a shift from manual labor to robotics and automation will be soon witnessed in the upcoming years. Robots can offer great help in tasks that require accuracy and speed. In addition, these automation and robotics are highly important, as they are capable enough to get rid of all those issues troubling the project at the site, which are somewhere related to human strength or physical weariness. A major transformation is visible when it comes to the scope robotics has in this sector. From a largely dominant industrial focus, robotics has turned the table towards its side where it is able to tackle on-site challenges. It is expected that the emerging demand of robotics in this sector will help in interacting with, assisting, serving, and exploring with humans, and will touch people and their lives. According to Robot Institute of America, 1979, “A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” 1.1.2. Automation, Human Beings, and Robotics 1.1.2.1. Automation Automation is not just having an automatic system through technology implementation, rather it is a broad terminology which increases productivity and efficiency involving less of efforts. Automation is of various kinds. Some of them are: Hard Automation: Hard automation is not capable of handling product design variations, mass production like, conventional machinery, packaging, sewing and manufacturing small parts. Through hard automation, it is easy to adjust specific tasks without having a possibility of changing its own working methodology. These machines are mostly used for household purpose like washing machines, dishwashers, etc. Programmable Automation: After the computer was introduced, programmable automation also came into existence.

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  eBook - ePub

  AI & ML - Powering the Agents of Automation

  Demystifying, IOT, Robots, ChatBots, RPA, Drones & Autonomous Cars- The new workforce led Digital Reinvention facilitated by AI & ML and secured through Blockchain

  • Vijay Cuddapah, Deepika M, Vijay Cuddapah, Amitendra Srivastava, Srinivas Mahankali(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • BPB Publications

    (Publisher)

  The main actions representing a robot’s spectrum of activities fall under ‘Sensing and Actuation’. Sensing involves the perception of the external environment to be processed by the relevant internal mechanisms, both electronic. The response is initiated in the form of a decision passed on to the respective component or part, resulting in an action. This process is called ‘Actuation’.

  • Robotics involves integration of computers and controlled mechanisms to make devices re-programmable and versatile. A variety of mathematic representations are used to plan robotic tasks and integrate sensors into the task planning. The tasks are the goals to be achieved; for example, go from point A to point B.
  • A number of supporting technologies go into the building of the robots such as Vision systems, End-of-arm tooling, Compliance devices,·Manipulation devices,·Welding technologies,·Lasers, Proximity sensors, Wrist sensor (forces/torques), Control sof ware/hardware,·Partdeliverysystems,·Application sof ware,·Interface sof ware, Operating systems, Programming languages, Communication systems I/O devices, etc.

  COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT

  A typical robot consists of the components such as electronic motors, sensors, power conversion unit, controller, actuators, piezo motors and ultrasonic motors, pneumatic muscle wires, manipulator linkage, base and a user interface, locomotion, and artifi cial intelligence. All these components along with cameras embedded in the place of the eyes and a CPU positioned like a brain enable the robots to undertake many complex operations.

  Fig 5.1

  Robots are of the following types

  • Wheeled
  • Legged
  • Climbing
  • Flying or drones

  Mobile robots that can move around like the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV follows markers or wires in the fl oor or uses vision or lasers).

  These robots with manipulator arms are used in a variety of military, industrial and consumer applications. Domestic robots used for cleaning and maintenance are becoming common in developed countries like USA and Japan today.

  Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and an end effector that is at ached to a fixed surface. The International Organization for Standardization defines a manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373

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