Technology & Engineering
Space Exploration
Space exploration refers to the discovery and exploration of outer space using various technologies and engineering techniques. It involves the study of celestial objects such as planets, stars, and galaxies, as well as the development of spacecraft and other technologies to enable human exploration of space. Space exploration has led to numerous scientific discoveries and technological advancements that have transformed our understanding of the universe and our place in it.
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9 Key excerpts on "Space Exploration"
eBook - PDF- Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
Part 1 Space Exploration 1 How Newcomers Will Participate in Space Exploration Ugur Murat Leloglu and Bar ş Gençay TUBITAK Space Technologies Research Institute Turkey 1. Introduction Space Exploration, one of the hardest achieved successes of mankind, is defined as all activities geared towards exploration of outer space using either space technology or observations from Earth, though sometimes the latter is not considered as part of Space Exploration (Logsdon; 2008). In this chapter, we will exclude observations from the Earth or the low Earth orbit (LEO) and scientific LEO missions that explore plasma sphere, which deserve dedicated study, especially because the opportunities cubesats offer to newcomers who want to contribute to space science (Woellert et al., 2010). While exploring our planet from its core to the surface and beyond, space studies has provided good leverage for science, technology and spin-off applications. Since the beginning of the space age, whose onset is generally accepted as the year 1957 when Sputnik-1 was launched, our knowledge about outer space has increased at an accelerating pace, an achievement made possible by developments in space technology. Mankind has succeeded to send satellites, landers, and rovers to other planets and their satellites, built an orbiting space station, analysed samples of other planets’ soil, atmosphere and magnetosphere, performed regular launches to various earth orbits, planned regular touristic rides to space and even sent men to the Moon. The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, otherwise known as the Outer Space Treaty in short, defines basic principles for use of space.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 4 Space Exploration Saturn V rocket, used for the American manned lunar landing missions ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Space Exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical Space Exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Various criticisms of Space Exploration are sometimes made. Space Exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of Space Exploration was driven by a Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR's Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 6 Space Exploration Saturn V rocket, used for the American manned lunar landing missions ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Space Exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical Space Exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Various criticisms of Space Exploration are sometimes made. Space Exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of Space Exploration was driven by a Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR's Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 1 Space Exploration Saturn V rocket, used for the American manned lunar landing missions ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Space Exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical Space Exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Various criticisms of Space Exploration are sometimes made. Space Exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of Space Exploration was driven by a Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR's Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station.
eBook - PDFSpace Activity Impact on Science and Technology
Proceedings of the XXIVth International Astronautical Congress, Baku, USSR, 7–13 October, 1973
- L.G. Napolitano, P. Contensou, W. F. Hilton, L.G. Napolitano, P. Contensou, W. F. Hilton(Authors)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Pergamon(Publisher)
The past 10—15 years have seen an intensive development of a variety of scientific and engineering methods of research, with a decisive role having been played by the wide application of high-speed computers in applied research practices. Space Exploration has given a powerful impetus to progress in a number of areas of science and technology, such as electronics, computer technology, cybernetics, remote control, gas dynamics, magnetic hydrodynamics, applied mathematics, etc. The world is witnessing an increasing interpénétration of various fields of knowledge and the appearance of new disciplines at their interface; these include microelectronics, astrophysics, control of movement of artificial bodies, space biology, and space medicine, to mention only a few. Basic sciences such as mathematics, physics, and philosophy are penetrating deeper and deeper into the sphere of engineering and applied research. Outer space is an inexhaustible scientific laboratory, a source of human know-ledge. Over a relatively brief period of Space Exploration, a number of new and unexpected discoveries have been made. These include, among others, radiation belts of the Earth; obser-vations hitherto inaccessible to observers on the ground such as the study of upper atmosphere, 377 378 O.M. Belotserkovsky study of ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, study of magnetosphere, and direct studies of the Moon and planets. The application of satellites as active or passive relays has enabled vast territories of the Earth to be covered by television broadcasting, which is of great cultural and educational significance and is promoting international exchange of cultural values. With the appearance of meteoro-logical satellites, more correct weather forecasting has become possible, and this is of the utmost importance for aircraft and ship navigation, agriculture, and large construction projects.
eBook - ePub- Damon Coletta, Frances T. Pilch, Damon Coletta, Frances T. Pilch(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
2 Space, science, and technologyTimothy Lawrence, William W. Saylor, Ken Siegenthaler, and Thomas G. Ward, Jr.
Introduction
Virtually all enterprises involving space are heavily dependent on modern technology. Space technology is developed mainly in response to the demands of missions that are deemed worthy and feasible, thus creating a “technology pull” dynamic. In some instances space technology is unique, having limited uses for other applications. In other cases, non-space technology is adapted for space use. The overall success of space technology development and application is strongly affected by a country’s “technological climate,” which includes political support, funding levels, educational opportunities, tolerance for failure, commercialization potential, remuneration packages, and scientific prestige.While not always readily apparent, policy issues arise regarding space technology just as they do with all the other aspects of space utilization and exploration. In some cases, technology offers multiple paths to accomplishing a given space objective, and decision-makers must choose which path or which combination of paths to follow. In other instances, technology defines the feasibility of specific space capabilities, but actually pursuing them is fraught with political implications that must be resolved both nationally and internationally.The space missions that technology supports may be classified in numerous ways. A common taxonomy comprises three sectors – military/defense, scientific, and commercial. Another breakdown differentiates near-Earth missions from lunar, interplanetary, and deep-Space Exploration, the former capturing military/defense, commercial, and some scientific missions, the latter encompassing the remaining scientific undertakings. Another approach is to separate manned from unmanned missions, and still another is to examine national missions versus international ones.
eBook - PDFSpace Law
Legal Framework for Space Activities
- Thomas Leclerc(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ISTE(Publisher)
To develop sustainable and coherent exploration programs, space powers must take into account the state of scientific research and available operational technologies that define current and future technical possibilities and limitations. 286 Space Law This chapter is placed in the context of the exploration of the universe and proposes, as such, to analyze a non-exhaustive series of legal issues which could appear in the more or less near future. From a legal point of view, human beings plan the exploration of the universe from their own prism, the starting point being the knowledge and the technologies available to humanity at a given moment, then the envisaged developments based on the state of the research and the available financing. A large number of legal aspects must nevertheless be taken into account from the very beginning of an exploration project, whether it involves humans or robots: the responsibility of States, whether international or financial or of private actors, insurance, the rules of competition between companies, the intellectual property of onboard technologies, to name but a few. Inter-State relations, international cooperation and the opportunities given to the private sector constitute the basis of the investments that can be envisaged for the implementation of exploration projects and the development of launchers, onboard systems and space operations. It is thus possible to reduce expenses by avoiding duplication of costs while improving the quality of projects. These factors justify and condition the whole organization of the political decision process, the legal framework and the financing of such exploration programs with, at the end of the day, the success or failure of these undertakings. In the same way, from an ethical point of view, Space Exploration, such as it is currently taking shape, is anthropocentric.
eBook - ePub- Giovanni Bignami, Andrea Sommariva(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016Begin AbstractThe Future of Human Space Exploration 10.1057/978-1-137-52658-8_2Giovanni Bignami andAndrea Sommariva2. Stepping Out of the Cradle: The Exploration of the Solar System from the 1950s to Today
End AbstractGiovanni Bignami 1 andAndrea Sommariva 2(1) IASF-INAF, Milano, Italy(2) Milan, ItalyAstronautics is the theory and practice of navigation beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. Isaac Newton established the mathematical basis of astronautics in his treatise The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy . They are embedded in his laws of motion and gravitation. The reactions in a spaceship’s engine produce enormous pressures. They cause the expulsion of gas and/or radiation at high speed in the direction opposite to travel. It is this reaction force that pushes forward the engine and the spaceship attached to it.Although Newton laid the mathematical foundations for it long ago, astronautics became a science in its own right in the early twentieth century. Starting in 1883, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky theorized many aspects of space flight. He published his most famous work, The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Engines , in 1903. In this book1 Tsiolkovsky derived the basic formula for rocket propulsion. This formula calculates the final velocity of a rocket from the escape speed of the gases and the initial (including propellant) mass and final (without propellant) mass of the spaceship. In other theoretical works, he studied gyroscopes and liquid fuel rockets; he calculated the escape velocity from a gravitational field; and he analysed the problem of the control of a rocket that moves between gravitational fields.Tsiolkovsky elaborated the theory of space flight as a supplement to his philosophical inquiries on the cosmos. His works include speculative concepts, such as the industrialization of space and the exploitation of the natural resources to be found there. Indeed, he was the first theorist to support human Space Exploration. His works influenced generations of scientists and astronautical engineers from Europe, Russia, and the United States. During the twentieth century, advancements in astronautics and astronautical engineering2
- Ann Darrin, Beth L. O'Leary, Ann Darrin, Beth L. O'Leary(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
However, at the same time, there is nothing like a fixed budget to force program managers to focus on the task at hand. As with any human endeavor, the mix of requirements, resources, practicality, and motivation end up dictating the results, and efforts on the cutting edge of possibil-ity do not come with a guarantee of success. The use of low Earth orbit (LEO) for a variety of tasks—civil, military, and com-mercial, including the use of the International Space Station (ISS) and suborbital flights for tourism per se or rapid international transport—has been discussed for some time. While the advances in materials and manufacturing required to make these items economically viable ventures will help with other space initiatives, we do not concentrate on those items here; deep space (beyond Earth’s magnetosphere— about 10 Earth radii in the sunward direction) have a very different set of economic and technological issues. Dealing with the latter are required to open a true space frontier. The Vision for Space Exploration 30 has four items: 1. Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the solar system and beyond 2. Extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by the year 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations 3. Develop the innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures both to explore and to support decisions about the destinations for human exploration 4. Promote international and commercial participation in exploration to further U.S. scientific, security, and economic interests The points are worded very carefully to be all-encompassing (strategy) and yet not dictate implementation (tactics). The key point is in 1: “a sustained and affordable human and robotic program.” The one exception is the specification that a human return to the Moon is to occur by 2020. Cost is not otherwise mentioned, although “economic interests” are in point 4.
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