eBook - ePub
Principles of Data Science
Sinan Ozdemir
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eBook - ePub
Principles of Data Science
Sinan Ozdemir
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Learn the techniques and math you need to start making sense of your data
About This Book
- Enhance your knowledge of coding with data science theory for practical insight into data science and analysis
- More than just a math class, learn how to perform real-world data science tasks with R and Python
- Create actionable insights and transform raw data into tangible value
Who This Book Is For
You should be fairly well acquainted with basic algebra and should feel comfortable reading snippets of R/Python as well as pseudo code. You should have the urge to learn and apply the techniques put forth in this book on either your own data sets or those provided to you. If you have the basic math skills but want to apply them in data science or you have good programming skills but lack math, then this book is for you.
What You Will Learn
- Get to know the five most important steps of data science
- Use your data intelligently and learn how to handle it with care
- Bridge the gap between mathematics and programming
- Learn about probability, calculus, and how to use statistical models to control and clean your data and drive actionable results
- Build and evaluate baseline machine learning models
- Explore the most effective metrics to determine the success of your machine learning models
- Create data visualizations that communicate actionable insights
- Read and apply machine learning concepts to your problems and make actual predictions
In Detail
Need to turn your skills at programming into effective data science skills? Principles of Data Science is created to help you join the dots between mathematics, programming, and business analysis. With this book, you'll feel confident about asking—and answering—complex and sophisticated questions of your data to move from abstract and raw statistics to actionable ideas.
With a unique approach that bridges the gap between mathematics and computer science, this books takes you through the entire data science pipeline. Beginning with cleaning and preparing data, and effective data mining strategies and techniques, you'll move on to build a comprehensive picture of how every piece of the data science puzzle fits together. Learn the fundamentals of computational mathematics and statistics, as well as some pseudocode being used today by data scientists and analysts. You'll get to grips with machine learning, discover the statistical models that help you take control and navigate even the densest datasets, and find out how to create powerful visualizations that communicate what your data means.
Style and approach
This is an easy-to-understand and accessible tutorial. It is a step-by-step guide with use cases, examples, and illustrations to get you well-versed with the concepts of data science. Along with explaining the fundamentals, the book will also introduce you to slightly advanced concepts later on and will help you implement these techniques in the real world.
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Informazioni
Principles of Data Science
Table of Contents
Principles of Data Science
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Downloading the color images of this book
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. How to Sound Like a Data Scientist
What is data science?
Basic terminology
Why data science?
Example – Sigma Technologies
The data science Venn diagram
The math
Example – spawner-recruit models
Computer programming
Why Python?
Python practices
Example of basic Python
Example – parsing a single tweet
Domain knowledge
Some more terminology
Data science case studies
Case study – automating government paper pushing
Fire all humans, right?
Case study – marketing dollars
Case study – what's in a job description?
Summary
2. Types of Data
Flavors of data
Why look at these distinctions?
Structured versus unstructured data
Example of data preprocessing
Word/phrase counts
Presence of certain special characters
Relative length of text
Picking out topics
Quantitative versus qualitative data
Example – coffee shop data
Example – world alcohol consumption data
Digging deeper
The road thus far…
The four levels of data
The nominal level
Mathematical operations allowed
Measures of center
What data is like at the nominal level
The ordinal level
Examples
Mathematical operations allowed
Measures of center
Quick recap and check
The interval level
Example
Mathematical operations allowed
Measures of center
Measures of variation
Standard deviation
The ratio level
Examples
Measures of center
Problems with the ratio level
Data is in the eye of the beholder
Summary
3. The Five Steps of Data Science
Introduction to data science
Overview of the five steps
Ask an interesting question
Obtain the data
Explore the data
Model the data
Communicate and visualize the results
Explore the data
Basic questions for data exploration
Dataset 1 – Yelp
Dataframes
Series
Exploration tips for qualitative data
Nominal level columns
Filtering in Pandas
Ordinal level columns
Dataset 2 – titanic
Summary
4. Basic Mathematics
Mathematics as a discipline
Basic symbols and terminology
Vectors and matrices
Quick exercises
Answers
Arithmetic symbols
Summation
Proportional
Dot product
Graphs
Logarithms/exponents
Set theory
Linear algebra
Matrix multiplication
How to multiply matrices
Summary
5. Impossible or Improbable – A Gentle Introduction to Probability
Basic definitions
Probability
Bayesian versus Frequentist
Frequentist approach
The law of large numbers
Compound events
Conditional probability
The rules of probability
The addition rule
Mutual exclusivity
The multiplication rule
Independence
Complementary events
A bit deeper
Summary
6. Advanced Probability
Collectively exhaustive events
Bayesian ideas revisited
Bayes theorem
More applications of Bayes theorem
Example – Titanic
Example – medical studies
Random variables
Discrete random variables
Types of discrete random variables
Binomial random variables
Poisson random variable,
Continuous random variables
Summary
7. Basic Statistics
What are statistics?
How do we obtain and sample data?
Obtaining data
Observational
Experimental
Sampling data
Probability sampling
Random sampling
Unequal probability sampling
How do we measure statistics?
Measures of center
Measures of variation
Definition
Example – employee salaries
Measures of relative standing
The insightful part – correlations in data
The Empirical rule
Summary
8. Advanced Statistics
Point estimates
Sampling distributions
Confidence intervals
Hypothesis tests
Conducting a hypothesis test
One sample t-tests
Example of a one sample t-tests
Assumptions of the one sample t-tests
Type I and type II errors
Hypothesis test for categorical variables
Chi-square goodness of fit test
Assumptions of the chi-square goodness of fit test
Example of a chi-square test for goodness of fit
Chi-square test for association/independence
Assumptions of the chi-square independence test
Summary
9. Communicating Data
Why does communication matter?
Identifying effective and ineffective visualizations
Scatter plots
Line graphs
Bar charts
Histograms
Box plots
When graphs and statistics lie
Correlation versus causation
Simpson's paradox
If correlation doesn't imply causation, then what does?
Verbal communication
It's about telling a story
On the more formal side of things
The why/how/what strategy of presenting
Summary
10. How to Tell If Your Toaster Is Learning – Machine Learning Essentials
What is machine learning?
Machine learning isn't perfect
How does machine learning work?
Types of machine learning
Supervised learning
It's not only about predictions
Types of supervised learning
Regression
Classification
Data is in the eyes of the beholder
Unsupervised learning
Reinforcement learning
Overview of the types of machine learning
How does statistical modeling fit into all of this?
Linear regression
Adding more predictors
Regression metrics
Logistic regression
Probability, odds, and log odds
The math of logistic regression
Dummy variables
Summary
11. Predictions Don't Grow on Trees – or Do They?
Naïve Bayes classification
Decision trees
How does a computer build a regression tree?
How does a computer fit a classification tree?
Unsupervised learning
When to use unsupervised learning
K-means clustering
Illustrative example – data points
Illustrative example – beer!
Choosing an optimal number for K and cluster validation
The Silhouette Coefficient
Feature extraction and principal component analysis
Sum...