Using the Book of Common Prayer

A simple guide

Thomas

• Editore: Church House Publishing
• Anno: 2014
• ISBN:
  9780715144190
• Argomento: Teología y religión
• Categoria: Cristianismo

A practical guide to using the Book of Common Prayer, without using technical language or assuming prior knowledge. It includes a history and theology of the BCP with practical advice on using its principal services.

PART 1

A Historical Introduction

1

The History of the
Book of Common Prayer

The first Book of Common Prayer (1549)

Henry, Edward and Reform

Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547. His reign had been long, just two years short of 40, and it had transformed England. A man of massive frame and equally massive personality, Henry had pursued for all of his reign a single policy – the Royal Supremacy. It was his conviction that the Crown should possess ‘all honours, dignities, pre-eminencies, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits and commodities’. This was his driving passion, and he made it the passion of those who surrounded him. Parliament agreed with the King – it dared not disagree – and in November 1534 it passed the first Act of Supremacy, which enshrined in law the rights and claims of the Crown.

A major element of the Royal Supremacy was Henry’s control of the Church. The Act stated that Henry was ‘the Supreme Head of the Church of England’, and to deny that fact was treason. But for all his claims over the Church in his realm, Henry did very little to touch the Church’s liturgy. This was because he was not as zealous for liturgical reform as some of his more radical subjects. He was much more the rebellious Catholic than the earnest Reformer, more eager to assert his jurisdiction over the Church in his kingdom than to reform its teachings, customs and services. Henry liked the ‘Old Religion’.

His death in January 1547 saw all the ‘authorities, dignities and pre-eminences’ that he had so energetically acquired for the Crown pass to a boy who was too young and too weak to wear it, Edward VI, Jane Seymour’s son.

Henry’s will and the Regency Council

Edward’s father had left a will. In it, he named 16 executors to care for his son until Edward reached an age when he could rule in his own right, 18 – an age he would never reach. In addition to these 16 executors, a further 18 men were appointed to assist and advise. Together they formed the Regency Council, and between them possessed enormous power. First among them was the young King’s uncle, Edward Seymour, who assumed the title Lord Protector of the Realm. But it was a title he held for only a short time. By 1549, Edward Seymour had been replaced with John Dudley (later known as the Duke of Northumberland), who led the Council and guided the King until Edward’s early death in 1553. Both these men and most members of the Council were considerably more radical in their desire to see the Church reformed than Henry would ever have allowed in the days of his strength, but in his failing and final years, Henry had seen these reform-minded men gain ever more influence at Court. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury since 1532, who had been instrumental to Henry in the matter of his divorce (‘the King’s Great Matter’), was among the members of the Council who hoped that under the new King the Church’s worship could be revised and reformed along the lines of the new theology that had so influenced Cranmer and his contemporaries. After all, Cranmer had been labouring since he became Archbishop on a variety of liturgical texts that would soon come together in the Book of Common Prayer. As early as the 1530s, the Archbishop of Canterbury had been at work in his study to lay the groundwork for a new English liturgy. Keeping his head down and spending most of each day at his desk (scholarship was his passion, alongside riding), Cranmer had worked in private and with some intensity on texts and services that were soon to become public. But Henry’s Archbishop wasn’t alone in praying and pressing for change.

The origins of the first Book of Common Prayer

The Prayer Book had been some time in the making:

1534

In the same year that the Act of Supremacy enshrined the authority of the King, Convocation (an ancient council of bishops and clergy that met to discuss and decide upon Church affairs) met and petitioned Henry to allow an authorized English translation of the Bible. Until that time, though English Bibles were in circulation, none of them had any official status or sanction. Perhaps the most popular version in circulation at the time was William Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament 1525.

1535

Miles Coverdale’s translation of the Bible became popular – the Psalms in the Book of Common Prayer were to be taken from this translation.

1536

A head of steam was building for the translation of the liturgy into English as well as the Bible. Hugh Latimer preached a sermon at a meeting of Convocation in which he called for the services of Baptism and Holy Matrimony to be conducted entirely in English.

1538

The Bible is placed in every church and the King rules that key liturgical texts should also be used in English: the Creed, the Lord’s Prayer and the Ten Commandments. It is also declared that Communion should only be given to those who have learned these texts in English.

1543

Henry continues to ensure the ‘good order’ of his kingdom by decreeing that ‘this realm shall have one Use’ (‘Use’ = service or rite). That Use is to be the medieval services used at Salisbury Cathedral and elsewhere, called the Sarum Use. Alongside the Sarum Use other Uses were being used in different parts of the kingdom – York, Hereford, and Bangor – but it was the Sarum Use that Henry sought to make the standard. As well as pushing for a single liturgical standard across England, the King in 1543 also ordered that a whole chapter from the Bible should be read after the Te Deum at Matins and after the Magnificat at Evensong each day.

1544

Cranmer produces the Litany in English. The Litany was his translation of the medieval Procession. Processions were a colourful and popular part of medieval devotion. A Procession constituted a separate service that was held outdoors where litanies and prayers would be sung as the procession moved through the streets. Cranmer had been working on an English translation of the Procession for some time. He took the Latin service and did what he did so well, translated it, simplifying and editing it as he went. The amendments he made to the Procession as he translated it are telling; one change that most characterized the growing mood for reform was the significant reduction Cranmer made in the petitions to the saints. Calling on the prayers of the saints had been identified by the Reformers as an ‘abuse’ and a ‘corruption’ of worship that they wanted to do away with. Within three years the Litany had largely replaced the Procession, and it was only a few years more before this popular medieval outdoor Procession had been brought within the confines of the parish church and was to be said kneeling.

1547

Henry dies. Edward succeeds his father and the pace of reform picks up. The spirit of reform that Henry’s death releases is very much more consciously radical. Edward, however, is not his own man, he is still a minor. The Regency Council looked admiringly to the Continent, especially to Germany and Switzerland, and took inspiration from how the Church had been changed by the new insight of the Reformation and the leadership of such men as Calvin in Geneva, Zwingli in Zurich and Luther in Saxony.

By July 1547, the Book of Homilies had been published. It contained short sermons to be read out in churches, sermons that contained teachings and interpretations that were greatly influenced by the continental Reformers. By August, Processions had been banned altogether, and the Epistle and Gospel readings at the Mass were only to be read in English.

1548

The Council banned the rituals and ceremonies surrounding certain popular Holy Days: Candlemas, Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday. In addition, the Order of Communion was first published. This was not a full service of the Communion but more like a supplement to be used with the Latin Mass. The Order of Communion that Cranmer had been working on provided texts that would eventually find their way in to the first Book of Common Prayer and remain there. Alongside the Latin Mass, worshippers were to be given:

• Two exhortations to be read before Communion (to make worshippers receive Communion more devoutly and regularly).
• An invitation to confession, a general confession and the words of absolution.
• The sentences of scripture that would become known as the Comfortable Words.
• The Prayer of Humble Access (‘We do not presume to come to this thy table, O merciful Lord . . .’).
• The words to be used as Communion was administered (‘The Body/Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given/shed for thee . . .’).
• The Blessing (‘The peace of God which passeth all understanding . . .’).

The Order of Communion also gave words when a supplementary consecration was needed (more bread and wine), as well as the instruction that the Communion was to be received by people ‘in both kinds’, which means that people were to receive the cup as well as the bread.

In September 1548, a conference met at Chertsey Abbey. Cranmer was there along with 13 other bishops. At the Chertsey conference, the bishops discussed the texts that were about to be published in a new service book. This book was to be unlike anything that had been published before. It would have within its covers all of the services of the Church – a complete and comprehensive liturgy for the ordained and the lay alike.

Not all the bishops were of the same mind and there was significant disagreement when it came to the Eucharistic doctrine that the Book of Common Prayer was teaching. Disagreement erupted again three months later when the Prayer Book was debated in Parliament. When it came to the vote, ten bishops voted in favour of the new services, eight against. The bishops were divided between Evangelicals and Catholics.

1549

On 21 January the first Act of Uniformity was passed by Parliament. For the first time, it gave legal force to a single liturgy, the first Book of Common Prayer. Failure to use the Book of Common Prayer from Pentecost that year (9 June) became a criminal offence. The Act left no doubt about the status of the new liturgy: ‘If any parson [or other minister] refused to use the said common prayers . . . he shall be thereof legally convicted according to the laws of this Realm.’

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