Nutrition and Lifestyle in Neurological Autoimmune Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis

Ronald Ross Watson, William D. S. Killgore, Ronald Ross Watson, William D. S. Killgore

• Editore: Academic Press
• Anno: 2016
• ISBN:
  9780128054444
• Argomento: Medicine
• Categoria: Nutrition, Dietics & Bariatrics

Nutrition and Lifestyle in Neurological Autoimmune Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis discusses important discoveries relating to the types of, and efficacy of, nutritional and lifestyle responses to symptoms and reoccurrence of MS. Each chapter defines a new approach to use in foods, dietary supplements, exercise, behavior, and/or lifestyle in health promotion and symptoms management for MS.

This book presents the role of non-pharmaceutical approaches and is essential reading for neurologists, physicians, nurses, nutritionists, dietitians, healthcare professionals, research scientists, biochemists, and general practitioners.

• Presents a comprehensive overview that details the role of nutrition and exercise in Multiple Sclerosis
• Written for researchers and clinicians in neurology, neuroscience, and exercise and nutrition
• Defines a new approach that focuses on foods, dietary supplements, exercise, behavior, and lifestyle in health promotion and symptoms management for MS

Section IV

Environmental Factors and Exercise In Prevention and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Outline

Chapter 14. Neuromuscular Taping and Multiple Sclerosis: Reality or Trend?

Chapter 15. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: When Efficacious Motor Therapy Meets Progressive Disease

Chapter 16. Physical Activity Behavior in Multiple Sclerosis: Definition, Rates, Outcomes, and Safety

Chapter 17. Looking Beyond Neurological Impairment in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis During Exercise Intervention: Evidence for Muscular, Cardiac, Pulmonary, and Metabolic Dysfunction Related to Exercise Intolerance and Prognosis

Chapter 18. Exercise in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: Pragmatic Exercise Intervention in People With Mild to Moderate Multiple Sclerosis—The ExIMS Project

Chapter 19. Yoga and Pilates as Methods of Symptom Management in Multiple Sclerosis

Chapter 20. Exercise in Prevention and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Chapter 21. Physical Activity and Health Promotion for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Implementing Activities in the Community

Chapter 22. Interdisciplinary Treatment of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Pain

Chapter 14

Neuromuscular Taping and Multiple Sclerosis

Reality or Trend?

C. Costantino, and O. Licari University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Abstract

Neuromuscular taping (NT) is a relatively new device that induces stimulation of skin receptors by micro-movements. NT is also known by other commercial names and applies in many ways. This type of taping differs from traditional tape because it is elastic and can be stretched to 140% of its original length before being applied to the skin. It is used for treatment of various orthopedic and neurological disorders. This chapter explores the role of NT in the improvement of quality of life, motor performance, and muscle strength in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients reviewing recent literature. Only few studies have suggested the effectiveness of NT on musculoskeletal disorders, muscle strength, and motor performance in neurological disease. In particular, in MS, poor information exists on the effectiveness of NT in conjunction with other therapeutic activities to improve functional performance and muscle strength.

Keywords

Kinesio taping; Motor performance; Multiple sclerosis; Muscle strength; Neuromuscular taping; Quality of life

Outline

References

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is the most common disabling neurological disease in young adults. The MS Foundation estimates that more than 400,000 people and about 2.5 million people around the world have MS. About 200 new cases are diagnosed each week in the United States. Central nervous system damage results key components of disability in people with MS. A majority of patients initially show relapses of increased disease activity and worsening symptoms. These are followed by remissions in which the disease does not progress. Symptoms may improve or disappear during remission. Disease progression and clinical outcome in MS are usually monitored by the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) with scores ranging from 0 (no signs) to 10 (death).¹ MS has a vast impact on health, activity limitations, and may reduce health-related quality of life. Many symptoms associated with MS lead to continuing decline in neurologic status. Consequently, patients show limitations with negative influence on the quality of life.² Many studies on the quality of life in MS patients focus on medical variables such as disease progression, treatment, diagnosis, and individual variables such as gender, social and individual supports, onset of disease, comorbidity, health-related behaviors, socio-contextual factors, and other confounding factors.^3–6 Reduction of daily activity in MS patients also depends on fatigue and muscle weakness. Fatigue in MS, resulting from central causes or secondary muscle disuse and inactivity, can be very disabling because patients are required to sit, lie down, or sleep⁷ and limit their social relationships, self-care activities, and jobs.⁸ Fatigue treatment is currently restricted to energy-conservation strategies, cooling therapies, cognitive therapy, and pharmacological interventions including antidepressant therapy and wake-promoting agents. Fatigue may be improved by an exercise program.⁹ Fatigue may also influence the ability of MS patients to exercise and limit benefit from exercise programs. The coexistence of physical and cognitive impairments, together with the unpredictable evolution of the disease makes MS rehabilitation very challenging. The main objective of rehabilitation is the relief from symptoms and improving self-performance and independence. There is evidence of the benefits of physical activity and exercise interventions in the rehabilitation of MS patients since the 1990s when Petajan et al. showed a beneficial effect of exercise therapy for people with MS.¹⁰ Several clinical trials have examined the effect of physical therapy rehabilitation programs on ambulatory outcomes. Motor performance of MS patients improves following combined or isolated aerobic or resistance training or with aquatic training.¹¹ Other authors have confirmed the effectiveness of exercise therapy for this population. Exercise may increase the energy reserves available for physical activities.^12–14 and enhance neurobiological processes that could promote neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. Exercise therapy may affect both primary mechanisms (e.g., neuroprotection or hormonal function), secondary factors related to fatigue (e.g., inactivity or comorbidity) and may reduce long-term disability.¹⁵ Physical exercise may be an easily implemented noninvasive intervention that may have positive effects on fatigue,^12,16 health-related quality of life,¹⁷ and muscle strength.¹⁸ Some studies also suggest that resistance training may have direct effects on MS via modulation of blood cytokine levels.¹⁹ Research carried out during mid-2010s suggests that the skeletal muscles serve as secretary organs that produce and release a contraction-dependent variety of cytokines mediating both direct and indirect anti-inflammatory effects.^20,21 Calle et al. suggested that higher-intensity exercise will have an important effect on resistance training.²² Another important factor is lower body muscle strength, which is impaired among many MS patients and is a predictor of walking speed. A 2016 review shows that progressive resistance training is associated with change in muscular fitness parameters (small in magnitude) and concludes that an indication of magnitude is important for clinical research and practice by providing an evidence-based estimate of the actual benefit that exercise training confers on physiological fitness.²³ Physiotherapy has also been shown to have a positive effect on balance and mobility.^24,25

Neuromuscular taping (NT) has become a very popular technique for treatment of various musculoskeletal and neurological disorders over the past decade. NT is known under various commercial names and has different methods of application. This technique was created by Kenzo Kase, a Japanese chiropractor in the 1970s. Kase tried to create something that was able to “reproduce the effects of the therapist’s hand.” The idea was to create a tissue with elasticity similar to the skin that supports muscles during movement. This tape was used during the Seoul Olympics in 1988 by athletes Japanese and then was introduced in the late...