Recent Advances in Security, Privacy, and Trust for Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

Kuan-Ching Li, Brij B. Gupta, Dharma P. Agrawal, Kuan-Ching Li, Brij B. Gupta

• Editore: Chapman and Hall/CRC
• Anno: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781000326178
• Edizione: 1
• Argomento: Informatique
• Categoria: Programmation de jeux

Security, privacy, and trust in the Internet of Things (IoT) and CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems) are different from conventional security as concerns revolve around the collection and aggregation of data or transmission of data over the network. Analysis of cyber-attack vectors and the provision of appropriate mitigation techniques are essential research areas for these systems. Adoption of best practices and maintaining a balance between ease of use and security are, again, crucial for the effective performance of these systems.

Recent Advances in Security, Privacy and Trust for Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) discusses and presents techniques and methodologies, as well as a wide range of examples and illustrations, to effectively show the principles, algorithms, challenges, and applications of security, privacy, and trust for IoT and CPS.

Book features:

• Introduces new directions for research, development, and engineering security, privacy, and trust of IoT and CPS

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• Includes a wealth of examples and illustrations to effectively demonstrate the principles, algorithms, challenges, and applications

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• Covers most of the important security aspects and current trends not present in other reference books

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This book will also serve as an excellent reference in security, privacy, and trust of IoT and CPS for professionals in this fast-evolving and critical field. The chapters present high-quality contributions from researchers, academics, and practitioners from various national and international organizations and universities.

CHAPTER 1

An Overview of the Integration between Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies

Reinaldo Padilha França, Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro, Rangel Arthur and Yuzo Iano

CONTENTS

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Cloud Computing Background
  • 1.2.1 Cloud Computing Models
  • 1.2.2 Cloud Computing Infrastructure
  • 1.2.3 Benefits of Cloud Computing
• 1.3 IoT Background
  • 1.3.1 IoT Devices and Connectivity
  • 1.3.2 IoT Benefits and Applicability
• 1.4 Cloud Computing and IoT Integration
• 1.5 Discussion
  • 1.5.1 Challenges, Issues, and Implications
• 1.6 Trends
• 1.7 Conclusion
• References

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The high level of connectivity between the most varied devices in society has caused an explosion in data volume. The ability to analyze and manage this large flow of information currently generated has allowed companies to make more assertive decisions and improve their relationship with their customers. Coupled with the massive increase in the number of devices and the amount of data transmitted requires changes in the architecture and implementation of technologies, making data management and balancing the biggest challenge for companies. In order to control these demands of infrastructure and data traffic and storage, corporations have been betting on the cloud, which will, therefore, have more and more direct influence on the increase of quality and safety level (Hashem et al. 2015).

When it comes to cloud computing, it refers to the sharing of information, data, images, and services over the Internet anytime and anywhere, where cloud storage and data processing services are provided over the cloud. Cloud technology has gained importance in every possible scenario. Whereas in the past, almost every investment focused on infrastructure to be able to store virtual documents and execute different software options, today information technology has a more strategic role. In addition, cloud computing allows storage terms and bandwidth to be tailored to seasonal business needs, where planning becomes more flexible and easier to execute (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2017).

Thus, Cloud computing is the way to use programs and documents that, instead of being located on a physical computer, are in the cloud, that is, on an external server, accessed over the Internet. One reason for its rapid expansion was the ability of this technology to lower infrastructure costs. Since unlike maintaining a physical server, where the user pays for the entire space, even if it is empty, in cloud computing the user pays only for what is used. The more space he needs, the more he would pay, bringing simplicity, having a greater economic character for the company or certain application projects (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2017).

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to common electronic devices in our daily lives. Its highlight is the way it connects and interacts with other smart electronics using the Internet, being a technological revolution that has been a big bet on big companies. It seeks to connect electronic devices, which we use in our daily lives, to the Internet. Examples of such electronics are appliances, industrial machines, small appliances, and means of transportation. In addition, other objects are part of this technology, such as clothes, shoes, lamps, and pens. Its main focus is to establish the communication of the virtual world with the physical world, giving objects the ability to see and hear through sensors. That is, it tends to meet the communication networks with the real world of things, besides being able to detect problems in advance without the dependence on the human factor, proposing to revolutionize our daily lives and make our lives simpler, quickly and efficiently (Wortmann and Flüchter 2015).

In the age of artificial intelligence (AI) or IoT where the Internet is not only present in computers, phones, and tablets, but also in vehicles, shoes, clothes, pens, among many other objects that we could not even imagine a while ago, the cloud computing has become a solution with an increasingly crucial role with all this virtualization. Today, innovation can be found in a variety of ways, from industrial machinery, appliances, small appliances, and transportation to mixing with accessories, since that what sets these technological products apart from normal objects lies in their ability to exchange information through sensors; in this sense, the user relies on smart devices to automate their tasks (Russell and Norvig 2016).

The concept of cloud computing aims to facilitate data access and program execution using the Internet, gives the ability to use services and applications without the need for an installation as everything, or almost everything, will run on servers, where data access is possible from any devices as long as they are connected to the Internet and have the permission of the person responsible. The devices need to be connected to the network and exchange information with each other, especially the most complex devices. Taking as an example the case of a surveillance camera that requires a strong database to warn the owner of something suspicious, something quite complicated for a data center of its own, as the cost of maintaining this base becomes high. In this sense, cloud computing has the function of replacing the infrastructure of large companies, where there is no concern about high energy costs, since depending on the object, such as security cameras, should be kept on all day, or maintenance (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2017).

The smart device is responsible for capturing and processing the information, and cloud technology, on the other hand, allows collected information to be stored and transferred to another device—complementing each other's actions. However, the operation of smart objects requires full performance, such as a camera that broadcasts to smartphones and can detect when something unusual is happening, this object is capable of receiving and transmitting information in real time, so it must have 100% availability for its good performance. This technology has as its basic principle, connect devices to the World Wide Web to make their use easier and even expand the possibilities of resource delivery to users. To better understand the concept, other examples such as sensors that can be installed on trucks for speed control and fleet tracking, smart locks that only open with a smartphone, or wristbands that record users' activities as distance traveled, speed, pulse rate, among others. In addition, doing everything “indoors” requires more time and high investment value, because maintaining an internal data center is not cheap since there is constant maintenance, cooling needs, upgrades, among other conditions (Lom et al. 2016).

Cloud computing has a robust, high-performance infrastructure in qualified data centers that are prepared to handle a large amount of data and applications, with high-speed processing, being the best option for the IoT data that will be processed in the cloud. Therefore, the greater the number of interconnected objects communicating with each other, the number of data increases simultaneously and the need for storage will also be greater (Lom et al. 2016).

Unfortunately, smart devices are still not immune when it comes to their own security. For both loss and intrusion, devices often have little or no protection for compromised data, so for this reason, the cloud serves as a great addition to storing the information collected, having your infrastructure more robust for both security and backup itself. Thus, in case of loss, cloud technology has the ability to retrieve what has been lost and encrypt it if data is stolen, meaning any malicious person is unlikely to have access to data (Hossain et al. 2015).

In the IoT, there are devices that do data collection, and in the cloud, this data is stored, that is, it completes each other. With all this data traffic, security is paramount, it is totally out of the question to put this volume of information at risks, such as virus attacks or malicious attacks, for example, since these innovations need the guarantee of security and privacy, and the cloud computing service ensures security with its continuity, backup, disaster recovery capability, and privacy by encrypting data. Another important point is that these devices IoT must have flexibility, as there are some objects that are practical and can be moved from one place to another, is another condition that the cloud can handle, its mobility allows the user to have the continuity of their device anytime, anywhere, and from any device (Bokefode et al. 2016).

Considering the highlights, it can be seen that the age of the IoT is fully associated with Cloud services, as the cloud facilitates the entire process with its automated tools, keeping devices up-to-date and service fast, affordable, and flexible. On the other hand, the cloud allows this data to be synchronized in real time to generate smart reports and make them available later. One of the factors that catch the eye of companies in this combination is its cost-effectiveness, both devices and the Internet, if properly configured, can be a low cost to the enterprise (Hsu and Lin 2016).

A practical example of where both technologies work together is enterprise data collection using web services from companies, such as AWS (Amazon Web Services), which relies on IoT technology on a cloud platform that enables smart devices to securely interact with other applications and devices connected to the enterprise to cloud. This practice allows to measure, for example, how much is spent on electricity in equipment, this way, the company can use tools, that are also available on the platform as a SaaS (Software-as–a-Service), IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), or even PaaS (Platform as a Service) to analyze all the results obtained, improve its decision-making and thus reduce company costs (Hsu and Lin 2016).

If cloud computing is a consolidated trend today, IoT's greatest influence on IT is to reinforce this return less path toward a virtualized IT architecture. It is no longer possible to imagine the world without technology. This is why IT is indispensable in the management of the IoT, because that cannot put information and applications in the cloud without thinking about how to keep it safe. As the IoT trend grows, IoT security challenges increase. Increasingly, the world becomes mobile and automated, since, with each passing day, more devices become connected by sensors, communicating with each other. But while this technology has been very favorable for people and businesses, on the other hand, it is amazing how much data needs to be stored for everything to work as planned. In this way, the use of cloud resources becomes necessary as the IoT becomes more and more present in people's reality, being the Cloud proves to be the ideal resource for storing and making available a large amount of data that needs to be handled in real time (Hossain et al. 2015).

Another important point regarding Cloud computing's partnership with IoT is data security, which means that from the moment that having a universal smart device connectivity environment, it is necessary to create a secure environment through which information must be trafficked. So, there is no denying that both Cloud computing and the IoT have become prevalent technologies today and represent trends for the future. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide an updated review and overview of IoT and Cloud computing, showing its relationship and integrations approaching its success relation, with a concise bibliographic background, categorizing and synthesizing the potential of both technologies (Singh et al. 2016).

1.2 CLOUD COMPUTING BACKGROUND

It is used to store files and data of all kinds as well as to use applications on-premise, that is, installed on our own computers or devices. However, in modern corporate environments, this scenario is different as long as applications available on servers that can be accessed by any authorized terminal are used. The main advantage of on-premise is that it is possible, at least most of the time, to use applications even without access to the Internet or the local network. In other words, there is a possibility of using these resources offline. On the other hand, in the on-premise model, all data generated is restricted to a single device, except when there is network sharing, which is not very common in the home environment. Even in the corporate environment, this practice can have some limitations, such as the need to have a certain software license for each computer (Bassi and Chaudhary 2015).

The constant evolution of computer technology and telecommunications is making Internet access ever wider and faster. This scenario creates the perfect condition for the popularization of cloud computing, as it spreads the concept around the world. The concept for what cloud computing is the possibility of offering content or service through online pages, being tied exactly to the need to be tied to something, needing only the Internet to perform the operations. Since it is possible to access files, edit and view photos and videos from anywhere in the world as if a person was at home or in the office, or even just with a mobile device, having a browser like Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, or Opera and an Internet connection for access to all cloud computing. Thus, with cloud computing, many applications, as well as files and other related data, no longer need to be installed or stored on a user's computer or a nearby server. This content becomes available in the clouds, that is, on the Internet facilities (Changchit 2015).

Cloud computing brings a huge paradigm shift, since no longer is it necessary or has to install proprietary offline file editing software. Instead, it is possible to connect to large business services and use their applications like Google Docs and do it online without even writing a file to your hard drive. Most of the time the hiring is done through rent and in the same way the user can have access to the service through a monthly payment, that is, he pays for what he uses. This also characterizes as a constant circulation of capital since the user not only makes a payment for the purchase of the service, but a smaller and constant payment according to the use (Rafaels 2015).

The functioning of the cloud uses concepts of distributed computing, and it is because of this feature that this technology has been named. It is unknown where your files and services are stored. It can be either on a server next to your home or in a data center in China. But there is no need to worry about security or privacy, as access to files and services will only be allowed to those who have their login and password. A good example of cloud computing is websites and applications for photo and video editing, because nowadays there is ...