Motorcycle Engineering
eBook - ePub

Motorcycle Engineering

Andrew Livesey

Condividi libro
  1. 362 pagine
  2. English
  3. ePUB (disponibile sull'app)
  4. Disponibile su iOS e Android
eBook - ePub

Motorcycle Engineering

Andrew Livesey

Dettagli del libro
Anteprima del libro
Indice dei contenuti
Citazioni

Informazioni sul libro

Motorcycle Engineering is a primer and technical introduction for anyone interested in motorcycles, motorcycling, and the motorcycle industry. It provides insight into how motorcycles are made and operated.

Motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters are important factors in world transport, and they are playing an increasingly important role in transport policy as we move towards greater environmental awareness. Motorcycles and scooters give freedom of personal transport that enable large commuter distances to be covered quickly and easily. Their small footprint offers easy storage as only minimal space is required. To celebrate the importance of motorcycles on the world stage, a brief history is included with a detailed timeline detailing the development of the motorcycle alongside major world events.

Written in an accessible fashion, no previous knowledge of engineering or technology is required, as all technical terms are readily explained and a glossary and abbreviation list is included. Whether you are an enthusiast, racer, student, or industry professional, you will surely find this an enjoyable read and a handy reference book on your shelf.

Domande frequenti

Come faccio ad annullare l'abbonamento?
È semplicissimo: basta accedere alla sezione Account nelle Impostazioni e cliccare su "Annulla abbonamento". Dopo la cancellazione, l'abbonamento rimarrà attivo per il periodo rimanente già pagato. Per maggiori informazioni, clicca qui
È possibile scaricare libri? Se sì, come?
Al momento è possibile scaricare tramite l'app tutti i nostri libri ePub mobile-friendly. Anche la maggior parte dei nostri PDF è scaricabile e stiamo lavorando per rendere disponibile quanto prima il download di tutti gli altri file. Per maggiori informazioni, clicca qui
Che differenza c'è tra i piani?
Entrambi i piani ti danno accesso illimitato alla libreria e a tutte le funzionalità di Perlego. Le uniche differenze sono il prezzo e il periodo di abbonamento: con il piano annuale risparmierai circa il 30% rispetto a 12 rate con quello mensile.
Cos'è Perlego?
Perlego è un servizio di abbonamento a testi accademici, che ti permette di accedere a un'intera libreria online a un prezzo inferiore rispetto a quello che pagheresti per acquistare un singolo libro al mese. Con oltre 1 milione di testi suddivisi in più di 1.000 categorie, troverai sicuramente ciò che fa per te! Per maggiori informazioni, clicca qui.
Perlego supporta la sintesi vocale?
Cerca l'icona Sintesi vocale nel prossimo libro che leggerai per verificare se è possibile riprodurre l'audio. Questo strumento permette di leggere il testo a voce alta, evidenziandolo man mano che la lettura procede. Puoi aumentare o diminuire la velocità della sintesi vocale, oppure sospendere la riproduzione. Per maggiori informazioni, clicca qui.
Motorcycle Engineering è disponibile online in formato PDF/ePub?
Sì, puoi accedere a Motorcycle Engineering di Andrew Livesey in formato PDF e/o ePub, così come ad altri libri molto apprezzati nelle sezioni relative a Technologie et ingénierie e Aviation. Scopri oltre 1 milione di libri disponibili nel nostro catalogo.

Informazioni

Editore
Routledge
Anno
2021
ISBN
9781000373387
Edizione
1
Categoria
Aviation

Chapter 1

Power unit – engine

‘There ain't no substitute for cubes.’
Whether it's cubic inches or cubic centimeters, the more of them that you have in your engine, the more power you can develop. That's how it is for petrol and diesel engines – with electric motors, you need volts and amps.
Motorcycle sport is often grouped into engine sizes, so the competitor is challenged to get the most power out of the engine. There are also usually regulations on what is, and is not, allowed to improve the power output.
Tech Note
The term horsepowerHP – comes from steam engine sales agents of about 200 years ago saying how many horses their engines could replace. In French, this is cheval vapour (CV); in German, this is pferde starke (PS).
One HP, in any language, that is CV or PS, is equal to 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, that is 746 watts.
When we are talking about power output, we must be careful to compare like for like. When we say BHP (brake horsepower), we are talking about the engine power measured on an engine brake or dynamometer – dyno. But rolling road dynamometers measure power at the wheels – this is after the frictional losses in the transmission system – typically around 10% to 15%. Also, there are a number of different standards for measuring power outputs set by different organizations. The most popular are the American SAE standard and the German DIN standard. Both measure power but under different conditions, with variations like the use of air filters and the way that the cooling system is connected.
Power is about doing work in an amount of time – mathematically, it's work done per unit time.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1Kick start to get the engine going on a lightweight motorcycle.

IDENTIFICATION

Identification of the engine before working on it is very important. The VIN number will help identify the type, or classification, of the engine. The detail of the engine will be given in a separate engine number, the pre-fix will identify the engine type, and the serial number will identify the exact engine.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE

The two common terms used are:
  • Power – this is work done in unit time.
  • Torque – turning moment about a point.
Let's discuss them for clarity and then look at the calculations. When we are using the term power, we are referring to how much energy that the engine has. A big heavy motorcycle needs a big powerful engine. Power is about doing work in a time period; it means burning fuel in the time period. We can make a small four-cylinder engine – say one from a motorcycle like a Kawasaki ZX6R – produce over 100 BHP from its 600 cc, but we need it to rev at about 12,000 rpm.
For a mathematical definition of these terms, we need to start with work done. Work done is the amount of load carried multiplied by the distance travelled. The load is converted into force: for instance, the force needed to move the motorcycle in newtons (N). The distance is measured in meters. That is:
Work done(Nm)=Force(N)*Distance(m)
As we also express torque in Nm, it is common to use the term joule (J) for work done.
Tech Note
Joule is a term for energy. 1 J = 1 Nm
If we use a force of 10,000 N to take a drag-bike down a 200-m drag strip, then we have exerted 2,000,000 Nm, or 2,000,000 J. We'd say 2 mega joules (2 MJ). We'd need to get this amount of energy out of the fuel that we were using
The force is generated by the pressure of the burning gas on top of the piston multiplied by the area of the top of the piston. So, the work done is the mean (average) force of pushing the piston down the cylinder bore multiplied by the distance traveled.
Example
The work done during the power stoke of an engine where the stoke is 60mm and the mean force is 5kN
Work Done=Force*Distance=5 kN*60 mm=5000N×0.06m=300 J
Tech Note
The mathematical symbols used in this book are those found on your calculator or mobile phone:
  • * is multiply and / is divide
The same mean force is going to create the torque. This time we are going to use the crankshaft throw – this is half the length of the stoke.
Example
Using the same engine
Torque=Force*Radius=5 kN*30 mm=5000N*0.03m=150 Nm
The work done by a torque for one revolution is the mean force multiplied by the circumference. The circumference is 2Πr so:
WorkDone=F*2Πr
AsFr=T
So,Work Done=2ΠT
That is for one revolution. For any number of revolutions, where n is any number, the formula is:
Work Done in n revolutions=2ΠnT
Example
Using the same engine of the previous examples:
The work done in 1 minute at 6000 rpm will be:
WD in n revolutions=2ΠnT=2*Π* 6000*150=5657 kJ
Power is, as we said, work done in unit time, which is:
Power=Work Done / Time
The motorcycle industry uses a number of different units and standards for power. From our calculations we can use watts (W) and kilowatts (kW) and then convert.
Tech Note
1 kW = 1000 W
1 watt = 1 J/second
1 kW = 1 kJ/s
Example
Following on from our engine in the previous calculations and examples:
Power=Work Done/Time=5657 kJ/60=94.3 kW
The term horsepower (HP or hp) was derived by James Watt as the average power of a pit pony. These were small horses used to turn pulleys to draw water from Cornish tin mines (pits) before steam power became more popular. He equated the power of his steam engines to a number of these pit ponies. For our purposes 1 HP equals 33,000 ft-lb/minute.
In French horsepower is cheval vapour (CV); in German, it is pferde starke (PS).
For conversion purposes, 1 HP is equal to 746 W.
When talking about power and doing work, the weight of the bike comes into play. It's worth doing a comparison with performance motorcycles to get a good picture.
Terminology
One metric ton is 1000 kg. As a kilogram is equivalent to 2.25 pounds, a metric ton is the equivalent of an imperial ton – 2250 lb.
Table 1.1 Typical BHP per ton figures
Bike/car
Capacity
BHP
Weight (kg)
BHP per ton
Kawasaki ZX6R
599 cc
130
185
702
Harley Davidson
883 cc
53
263
201
Triumph Bonneville T120
1198 cc
80
224
357
Suzuki Hayabusa
1299 cc
173
251
689
Kawasaki H2 motorcycle
1000 cc supercharged
310
215
1442
Typical BTCC car
2-liter turbo
350
1000
350
German Touring Motorcycle - DTM
4-liter supercharged
500
112...

Indice dei contenuti