Organic Corrosion Inhibitors

Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications

Chandrabhan Verma, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Eno E. Ebenso, Chandrabhan Verma, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Eno E. Ebenso

• Editore: Wiley
• Anno: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781119794509
• Edizione: 1
• Argomento: Technologie et ingénierie
• Categoria: Science des matériaux

Provides comprehensive coverage of organic corrosion inhibitors used in modern industrial platforms, including current developments in the design of promising classes of organic corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion is the cause of significant economic and safety-related problems that span across industries and applications, including production and processing operations, transportation and public utilities infrastructure, and oil and gas exploration. The use of organic corrosion inhibitors is a simple and cost-effective method for protecting processes, machinery, and materials while remaining environmentally acceptable. Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications provides up-to-date coverage of all aspects of organic corrosion inhibitors, including their fundamental characteristics, synthesis, characterization, inhibition mechanism, and industrial applications.

Divided into five sections, the text first covers the basics of corrosion and prevention, experimental and computational testing, and the differences between organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The next section describes various heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic corrosion inhibitors, followed by discussion of the corrosion inhibition characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids, and other organic green corrosion inhibitors. The final two sections examine the corrosion inhibition properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide, and review the application of natural and synthetic polymers as corrosion inhibitors. Featuring contributions by leading researchers and scientists from academia and industry, this authoritative volume:

• Discusses the latest developments and issues in the area of corrosion inhibition, including manufacturing challenges and new industrial applications
• Explores the development and implementation of environmentally-friendly alternatives to traditional toxic corrosion inhibitors
• Covers both established and emerging classes of corrosion inhibitors as well as future research directions
• Describes the anticorrosive mechanisms and effects of acyclic, cyclic, natural, and synthetic corrosion inhibitors

Offering an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications is essential reading for chemists, chemical engineers, researchers, industry professionals, and advanced students working in fields such as corrosion inhibitors, corrosion engineering, materials science, and applied chemistry.

Part 1
Basics of Corrosion and Prevention

1
An Overview of Corrosion

Marziya Rizvi

Corrosion Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey

1 Introduction

1.1 Basics About Corrosion

Corrosion can be scientifically defined in many ways. The term “corrode” is itself obtained from the Latin word “corrodere,” i.e. “to gnaw to pieces.” The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) has defined it: “Corrosion is a naturally occurring phenomenon commonly defined as the deterioration of a material (usually a metal) that results from a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment” [1]. International Standard Organization explains “corrosion” technically as the “Physio‐chemical interaction between a metal and its environment which results in changes in the properties of the metal and which may often lead to impairment of the function of the metal, the environment or the technical system of which these forms a part” [2]. The environment is basically all that present surrounding and in contact with the observed metal/material. The primary factors describing the environment are (i) physical state (gas/liquid/solid); (iii) chemical composition (constituents &concentrations); and (c) the temperature. The corroded metal has obtained a thermodynamic stability in changing to oxides, hydroxides, salts, and carbonates. As per law of entropy, metals post fabrication return to their lowest energy, or natural ore form. Naturally metals are found in their element form or as ores. A lot is incorporated to convert iron ore into steel in the steel factories (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Corrosion cycle of steel.

Corrosion is the just reverse of what is known as extractive metallurgy. That implies that the energy utilized to convert an ore into a pure metal is reversed on exposure to environment (oxygen and water). On the exposed metal, oxides, sulfates, and carbonates exist [3–4]. Corrosion science as a subject has been around for many years in the textbooks, and surely its relevance has increased now. Education of corrosion and corrosion mitigation makes the environment safer and more sustainable.

1.2 Economic and Social Aspect of Corrosion

The incurred monetary losses and negative effects on environment geared the current ad on‐going researches in the field of corrosion. To sum up the total monetary loss due to corrosion, cost studies have been carried out in several countries. The first significant work on cost of corrosion was presented as a report by Uhlig in 1949, estimating the annual cost of corrosion as US$5.5 billion [5]. However, comprehensively the first study on losses incurred due to corrosion was conducted in the United States in late 1970s. In the year 1978, US$70 billion were wasted, equivalent to approximately 5% of gross national product (GNP) of that year [6]. The US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) published a breakthrough study back in 2002, estimating the direct corrosion cost associated with USA’s industrial sector. The study was conducted by NACE International initiated the study as part of Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA‐21), having a Congress mandate. The estimated direct cost of corrosion annually is $276 billion, which implies GNP’s 3.1% [7]. This estimation is solely inclusive of the direct costs pertaining to maintenance. Other expenditures after production loss, negative environmental effect, disrupted transports, fatalities, and injuries were computed to be as much as the direct costs. Similarly, some countries conducted corrosion cost studies. These countries were Australia, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Kuwait, Finland, India, China, and Sweden. It was inferred that annual corrosion costs was 1–5% of the national GNPs. The recently published material relates the global economic losses due to corrosion, summed up by NACE International in 2016 as $2.5 trillion, which is 3.5% of global GDP [8–10]. The Central Electrochemical Research Institute calculated the cost of corrosion in India by NBS input/output economic model for 2011–2012. The direct cost was US$26.1 billion or 2.4% GDP. The cost avoidable was US$9.3 billion or 35% direct cost of corrosion. The indirect cost was US$39.8 billion or 3.6% of IGDP [11]. NACE International according to the latest global studies estimated Indian cost of corrosion to be GDP’s 4.2% [12]. Beyond the cost of corrosion financially are the indirect costs like loss of opportunities and natural resources, potential haza...