Advances in Organic Synthesis

Volume 16

Atta-ur-Rahman

• Editore: Bentham Science Publishers
• Anno: 2022
• ISBN:
  9789815039269
• Argomento: Sciences physiques
• Categoria: Chimie organique

Advances in Organic Synthesis is a book series devoted to the latest advances in synthetic approaches towards challenging structures. The series presents comprehensive reviews written by eminent authorities on different synthetic approaches to selected target molecules and new methods developed to achieve specific synthetic transformations or optimal product yields. Advances in Organic Synthesis is essential for all organic chemists in academia and the industry who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field. Contents of this volume include these 7 reviews: - Recent advances in copper-catalyzed heterocyclic syntheses
- Application of modern green chemistry methods in the synthesis of quinolines, quinazolines and quinazolinones
- Electroluminescence polymers-a review on synthesis by organic compounds
- Multicomponent approach for the synthesis of xanthenes
- From atoms to macromolecules: 100 years of polymer research
- An overview of oxidizing and reducing agents in total synthesis
- Amino acid-derived ionic liquids: novel biodegradable catalytic systems for green synthesis of heterocycles

Multicomponent Approach for the Synthesis of Xanthenes

Ankita Chaudhary^{1, *}

¹ Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, India

Abstract

Xanthenes are known to exhibit a diverse range of biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, antimalarial anti-inflammatory, etc. Owing to their significant applications in medicinal as well as industrial fields, the xanthene framework has appeared as a remarkable synthetic target. This chapter offers an overview of the plethora of multicomponent reactions employed for the synthesis of xanthene and its derivatives. Multicomponent reactions that comply with the “Green Chemistry” principles have emerged as a powerful strategy that combines structural diversity with eco-compatibility.

Keywords: Catalysis, Green Chemistry, Heterocycles, Heterogeneous Catalysts, Ionic Liquids, One-pot Synthesis, Multicomponent Reactions, Xanthene.

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^* Corresponding author Ankita Chaudhary: Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, India; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Xanthenes (dibenzo[b,e]pyrans) (Fig. 1) are vital biologically dynamic molecules with diverse imperative pharmacological properties such as antiviral [1], anti-inflammatory [2], antimycobacterial [3], antioxidant [4], antiproliferative [5], antileukemic [6], antifungal [7] and antiplasmodial [8], etc. Owing to their interesting spectroscopic properties, these heterocyclic moieties have also been utilized as dyes [9], sensitizers in photodynamic therapy [10] and laser technology [11], as well as pH-sensitive fluorescent materials [12].

Fig. (1))
Structure of 9H-Xanthene/ dibenzo[b,e]pyran

Xanthene and its derivatives are generally synthesized or obtained as a microbial metabolite. They are seldom isolated from natural plants; for instance, Blumeaxanthene (I and II) [13, 14] is extracted from the stem of Blumea riparia (Bl.) DC. (Fig. 2).

Fig. (2))
Example of Natural Xanthenes

The unique properties of xanthene make its synthesis a perpetual field of research [15^-18]. In recent years, there have been prodigious advancements in “Green Chemistry,” which accentuates the design and development of environmentally benevolent protocols to access biologically elaborated molecular scaffolds. The use of multicomponent approach for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is a step forward towards sustainability. Multicomponent reactions have well-known advantages like simplicity, efficiency, selectivity, low-energy consumption, high atom economy, low-waste production [19^-23]. To further influence and improve the environmental performance of organic synthesis, the combination of multicomponent reactions with other Green chemistry tools, like nonconventional sol...