Climate Change and Microbial Diversity

Advances and Challenges

Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem

• Editore: Apple Academic Press
• Anno: 2022
• ISBN:
  9781000609646
• Edizione: 1
• Argomento: Biowissenschaften
• Categoria: Globale Erwärmung & Klimawandel

The ongoing global climate change triggered by greenhouse gas growth has had a significant effect on the microbial dynamics of plants and soils. This volume explores the various microbial responses of plants and soils caused directly or indirectly by climate change resulting from rising greenhouse gases and other factors. The book considers the rapidly changing environment and the important role of microbiomes in restoring soil and plant health and in creating sustainable approaches. It discusses the adaptation and mitigation of plants and soils, specifically addressing such topics as biogeochemical processes, antimicrobial resistance, the dynamics of bacteria and fungus in extreme environments, bacterial siderophores for sustainability, and more. The volume also looks at edaphic and regeneration performance of tree species in the temperate forests.

CHAPTER 1 Microbial Responses under Climate Change Scenarios: Adaptation and Mitigations

ZIA UR RAHMAN FAROOQI, WAQAS MOHY UD DIN, and MUHAMMAD MAHROZ HUSSAIN*

Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Climate change is a disastrous change in the current weather conditions at a larger scale which alters the temperature and suitable conditions for all living organisms including microbes, the tiny creatures which are found nearly everywhere on the Earth. Soil microbes are also part of this regime, which exist at different temperatures and conditions. They require an optimum temperature range to survive, which when altered, disturbs the community and results in an imbalance in the soil ecology and its processes. However, soil microbes possess some response and adaptation mechanisms to survive the harsh environmental conditions. All these mechanisms with future research needs are explained in detail in this chapter.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Anthropogenic activities and their impact on the environment have led to the extinction of a long range of animals and plants on Earth. But extensive research and documentation have been carried out vis-à-vis the floral and faunal species, society, and habitat losses. In contrast, microbes have not been debated that extensively in the perspectives of climate change (especially the climate change impact of microbes). Although invisible to the naked eye, the density and diversity of bacteria and other microbes play a key role in retaining a healthy worldwide ecosystem. In short, microbial ecosystems are the lifeblood of the planet Earth. Though the impacts on human microorganisms are less evident and, of course, not very typical, the main problem is that alterations in biodiversity and microbial activity involve the compatibility of all other creatures and thus climate change.

Microorganisms play an important role in the nutrient networks, living conditions, agriculture and worldwide food networks. Microbes exist in almost any environment on Earth as, for example, in deep terrain and severe weather conditions they are the only existent life forms. They were observed on Earth about 3.8 billion years ago and are expected to survive beyond the future. Though microorganisms play an important role in climate change management, no much attention has been given to microbial climate change research and strategy development. The extremely diverse molecular responses of their ecological variables complicate the description of their role in this ecosystem. Microbial communities are flexible formations that adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions. In the experimental forests, the sensitivity of soil microbial respiration was reduced due to experimental soil movement in mobile areas (Bradford et al., 2008), leading to a decline in ecosystem level in a few years (Conant et al., 2011).

Recent research has shown that cooler regions are more sensitive to soil mineralization rates than warmer regions (Dessureault-Rompré et al., 2010). In marine systems, planktonic bacterial populations show maximum nutrient use effectiveness when they come closer to the in situ temperature (Hall et al., 2009), while planktonic bacteria correlate negatively and the effective phosphorus content is reduced (Hall et al., 2011). Microbial communities present in marine environments have exhibited indication that functions with lower optimal temperature values in higher latitudes adapt to local ambient temperatures (Simon et al., 1999). It has also been noted that microbial communities adjust to instabilities in the redox state (DeAngelis et al., 2010) and adapt to changing rainfall patterns (Szukics et al., 2010; Evans and Wallenstein, 2012). These illustrations show that microbial variation is a universal phenomenon that happens in different environments and can greatly affect the function of ecosystems in the upcoming climate system (Allison et al., 2010).

The term “adaptation” is habitually used at the level of organisms or populations and is a general term that describes the adaptability of organisms to the environment (Rose et al., 1996). Though it is frequently used to define certain processes, such as changing gene frequencies on the population level, the period itself does not indicate a particular method (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010). Bradford et al. (2008) suggest that it can also be used at the community level to explain alterations in the overall functioning of microbial communities in response to changing climate. The variations seen at the community level are due to changes in the comparative characteristics of the microbial population as a whole. We test the relevance of microbial communities to the process by which the degree of observation of the characteristics of society is determined by the current environmental conditions. Because microbial communities are compatible with the local environment, microbial variation is frequently not achieved at all. For instance, several experiments found no indication of thermal variation in thermal experimentations (Hartley et al., 2008; Rinnan et al., 2009).

In oceans, microbial communities from cold climates usually exhibit optimal growth above in situ temperatures (Johnson et al., 2006) implying that the microbial adaptation is largely limited. This may be due to rate constraints (i.e., time delay or delay between changes in environmental factors and the physiology of the normal microphone community) or a major physical trade-off that is not fully integrated. This chapter briefly explained the classification of microbes and their adaption under different climate change scenarios.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms, on the basis of their functions, are of three types: reducers, neutralizers, and decomposers. All these types of microbes are extremely profitable although the third type is more beneficial. They act as synergists and enhance the biological, chemical and physical properties of soil, water, and sediments. The recovery type can make the neutral type useful. Both of these types of microorganisms breakdown organic matter to obtain increased crops and reduced pollution (Zhou et al., 2009). Beneficial microorganisms include the ecology of microorganisms (including microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and viruses). They can retain ecological balance; prevent the spread of pests, and decay of harmful chemicals into the environment, such as Bacillus thuringiensis in nature.

Russian scientist and evolutionary leader Eli Meteknikov first proposed some bacteria. He indicated that in the early 20th century it was feasible to replace infectious plants with beneficial microorganisms. Collat first coined the term “probiotic” in 1953. Probiotic is a technical term in microbiology, which means that microbes and their metabolism contribute to the balance of the full microbes in animal intestines. Probiotics are highly antibiotic, especially preventable. Probiotics usually involve bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, and fungi, but microalgae are not included in English literature (Zhou et al., 2009). Today, the term “microbiological medicine” for human health is very popular in the food and livestock industries of China. There are three types of microbiological agents: probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Though there are many microbial agents, they mainly consist of bacilli, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroids, and yeast (Fu et al., 2005). Current research focuses on probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are direct microbial foods that have been used for some time and are found in most foods, mainly milk (Mussatto and Mancilha, 2007; Kesarcodi-Watson et al., 2008; McCue, 2010).

Microorganisms are important to the environment because they play a role in the Earth’s original cycle, carbon and nitrogen. Microbes are involved in the “purity” of the soil from the production of oxygen, the control of biomass and dead organic matter. Microorganisms include microalgae, viruses, fungi, and viruses. Microalgae absorb carbon dioxide mainly through photosynthesis and oxygen supplied to marine animals. The main function of bacteria and fungi is to get rid of dirty substances in the air, thereby keeping the water quality clean. In fact, because of the lack of oxygen, the unbalance can cause anaerobic digestion or washing, producing harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane. There are two food chains in the aquatic ecosystem_ the detritus chain and the first food chain. In most marine environments, the smaller organisms are the larger organisms in the picture. Aerobic conditions (e.g., wastewater) are dominated by algae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. Some photosynthetic bacteria settle under anaerobic conditions (contaminated or eutrophic water). There is a huge difference between the water and the environment, especially in the case of deep water and the fishing economy and large-scale planting. The association of microbial ecosystems, global and agricultural systems and their impact on climate change are listed below.

1.3 ROLE OF TERRESTRIAL MICROBES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS

Terrestrial biomass is ten times larger than sea level biomass, and the plants on the terrestrial system makeup a huge portion of the world’s biomass. The whole net product is 30,000 plants. The Earth contains five tons more carbon, than all the fossil fuels in the environment. Soil microorganisms limit the amount of carbon collected into the soil and release it into the air and indirectly store carbon in nutrients and soil by providing nitrogen and nitrogen to monitor reproduction (Ju et al., 2017). Plants provide high levels of carbon to mycorrhizal fungi. In many ecosystems, mycorrhizal fungi cause plants to absorb large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the environment through photosynthesis and produce organic substances to stimulate the Earth’s atmosphere. In contrast, autotrophic respiratory plants and various concentration viruses produce CO₂ in the environment (Yazdanpanah et al., 2016). Temperature affects the balance between processes, which in turn affects the recording and storage (now a quarter) of anthropogenic carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere. The release of carbon into the warm environment is expected to accelerate. The first 10 cm of soil is estimated to be 143 cm, and a total of 100 cm of soil structure (including old carbon 144) indicates high carbon loss in warming areas. Large amounts of nutrients are needed to account for the variations in carbon variability among different soil layers (excluding organic matter, temperature, precipitation, pH, and content) (Reinhart et al., 2016). In fact, global warming from a warming response shows that global warming from warming causes positive changes and increases the amount of climate change, especially in warm and warm climates soil. Most of the carbon is collected in the soil. Climate change affects the composition and diversity of infectious environments (e.g., climate and temperature) or indirectly (e.g., farmland, planting, and root system). Soil variability affects crop diversity and is important for the functioning of soil conditions (including carbon cycling).

Climate change has a director indirect effect on the microbial community, which affects warming, rainfall, soil quality, and crop abundance. Due to the low carbon content of desert soil microorganisms, enhanced carbon uptake from plants stimulates the use of nitrogen complexes, microbial biomass, variety (such as fungal diversity), enzymatic activity, and often organic matter. These ...