Introducing Aesthetics

A Graphic Guide

Christopher Kul-Want, Piero Piero

• Editore: Icon Books
• Anno: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781848318885
• Argomento: Art
• Categoria: Art Theory & Criticism

What is beauty, and what is truth? These are some of the questions which aesthetics tries to answer. In our everyday life, we talk about the 'aesthetics' of an artwork or a piece of design. But aesthetics goes beyond the simple experience of art. It is also a branch of philosophy concerned with the whole nature of experience itself, explored through our perceptions, feelings and emotions.

“BEAUTY IS TRUTH, TRUTH BEAUTY”, – THAT IS ALL YE KNOW ON EARTH, AND ALL YE NEED TO KNOW.

So the Romantic poet John Keats (1795–1821) wrote in his celebrated meditation upon mortality and immortality, “Ode on a Grecian Urn” of 1820. But what is beauty, and what is truth? These are some of the questions which aesthetics tries to answer …

What is Aesthetics?

Aesthetics (the plural form of aesthetic) is derived from the Greek word aisthētikos, from aisthēta, meaning things perceptible by the senses. In the 18th century aesthetics became a branch of philosophy. The German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–62) first used the word in his Reflections on Certain Matters Relating to Poetry of 1735. Then, in 1750, Baumgarten entitled an unfinished treatise Aesthetica.

AESTHETICS IS A SPECIALIST AREA OF INQUIRY CONCERNED WITH PERCEPTION AND SENSORY EXPERIENCE.

Today, the word “aesthetic” is frequently encountered in its negative form: “anaesthetic”, which refers to a substance that induces an absence of sensation and an inability to feel pain.

Aesthetics has come to be used not just in relation to philosophy, but also in connection with design and fashion (e.g. the designer of a car will refer to its aesthetics, or an interior designer will use the word to refer to the look and style of their designs). In a similar way, “aesthetic” is used in connection with art to describe the sensibility and style of an artist’s work.

BARNETT NEWMAN’S PAINTINGS HAVE A MINIMALIST AESTHETIC … ANDY WARHOL’S HAVE A COOL AESTHETIC. JACKSON POLLOCK’S HAVE AN EXPRESSIONIST AESTHETIC …

Having the same root as aesthetic, the word “aesthete” refers to a person who professes a superior appreciation of what is beautiful. Oscar Wilde, who dedicated his life and work to a love of art and beauty, is often cited as an aesthete. Wilde believed that art should be valued for itself alone and not for any purpose or function.

THE ONLY EXCUSE FOR MAKING SOMETHING USELESS IS THAT ONE ADMIRES IT INTENSELY. ALL ART IS USELESS.

Wilde attempted to preserve an area of aesthetic experience – the appreciation of beauty – apart from utilitarian values fostered by Capitalist economics. The tradition of philosophical aesthetics on the Continent went further than Wilde by questioning whether experience could be represented or assigned a moral value. This tradition had its origins in the 18th century.

The Nature of Experience

Following Baumgarten, aesthetics as a philosophical activity became concerned not just with the question of beauty but with the whole nature of experience in terms of perceptions, feelings and emotions. Philosophers, however, quickly realized that this inquiry opened out onto issues of subjectivity and identity and the potential for transforming values and beliefs. This is because the issue of experience relates to the question of consciousness and, by implication, the role of unconscious experience in shaping identity. So, while aesthetics began as a specialist branch of philosophy, it was actually in the right position to form the kernel for nearly all future philosophical inquiry.

THE SUBJECT OF EXPERIENCE BECAME BOUND UP WITH QUESTIONS OF POLITICS, PSYCHOANALYSIS AND ART … … AND, MORE WIDELY, WITH THE VITAL ISSUES OF MODERNITY AND POSTMODERNITY.

Prior to Baumgarten, aesthetics did not exist in name as such. Nevertheless, there existed a long-standing and important tradition in philosophy which was concerned with the meaning and significance of perception and sensory experience. This tradition stretches back to Plato and classical philosophy, in which issues of beauty and truth were first coupled together.

Socrates and Plato

It is important to bear in mind that, in the classical period, truth was associated with religious and ethical ideas. Plato’s philosophy was based on the teachings of his mentor, the itinerant philosopher Socrates (470–399 BC). In common with the rest of Greek society, Socrates held religious beliefs which were metaphysical in character. Metaphysics is a dualistic system – the gods exist in a higher transcendent realm and the world down below, inhabited by humans, is a pale imitation of it.

THERE EXISTS AN UNDERLYING, TRANSCENDENT ORDER TO THE UNIVERSE. THIS ORDER IS COMPOSED OF ETERNALLY EXISTING FORMS FROM WHICH WE DERIVE ABSOLUTE VALUES OF JUSTICE, BEAUTY AND TRUTH.

In addition, Socrates stated that these Forms contained the inherent structures to be found within all existing objects. However, he differed from the majority of Greek society by valuing wisdom and virtue in contrast to the warrior’s attributes of bravery and strength, which were thought to find favour with the gods.

Following Socrates, Plato (c. 427–347 BC) argued that philosophers, such as himself, were uniquely in possession of the correct virtue – namely, wisdom – for attaining knowledge of the higher Forms of the universe. By defying currently held views, Socrates and Plato embarked on a power struggle with the state and religious hierarchy of Athens. As a way of defining his position, Plato contrasted philosophy with both art and poetry, which he stated were immoral and untruthful.

ART AND POETRY ARE “MIMETIC”, IN OTHER WORDS, MERELY IMITATIVE. THEY PLAY UPON PEOPLE’S EMOTIONS.

On account of their dangerous influence, Plato in The Republic (c. 375 BC) banned artists and poets from his ideal state.

The Power of Poetry

The idea of poetry’s power to affect the viewer was a loaded issue in Plato’s time. Poets were believed to have access to the muses, the daughters of memory who possessed historical knowledge and insight into the gods’ motives. Furthermore, po...