The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers

Paul Kennedy

• Editore: William Collins
• Anno: 2017
• ISBN:
  9780008226473
• Argomento: History
• Categoria: World History

NOTES

1. The Rise of the Western World

1. W. H. McNeill, A World History (London, 1979 edn), p. 295; idem, The Rise of the West (Chicago, 1967), p. 565; J. M. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1980), p. 519; G. Barraclough (ed.), The Times Atlas of World History (London, 1978), p. 153.

2. For surveys of international relations in Europe around 1500, see The New Cambridge Modern History (hereafter NCMH), vol. 1, The Renaissance 1493–1520, ed. G. R. Potter (Cambridge, 1961), espec. chs 7–14; vol. 2, The Reformation 1520–1529, ed. G. R. Elton (Cambridge, 1958), chs 10–11 and 16; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (London, 1963), ch. 2; G. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 115ff.

3. There are succinct accounts of Ming China in McNeill, Rise of the West, pp. 524–34; and Roberts, History of the World, pp. 424—44. For more detail, C. O. Hucker, China’s Imperial Past (Stanford, Calif., 1975), pp. 303ff; J. A. Harrison, The Chinese Empire (New York, 1972); W. Eberhard, A History of China (2nd edn, London, 1960), pp. 232–70; M. Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London, 1973).

4. Y. Shiba, Commerce and Society in Sung China (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1970); J. Needham, The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China (London, 1958); L.-S. Yang, Money and Credit in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); and espec. W. H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Forces and Society Since 1000 A.D. (Chicago, 1983), ch. 2.

5. The great source (in English) for the above is J. Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 4, pt 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics (Cambridge, 1971), espec. pp. 379–536; but see also Lo Jung-pang, ‘The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods’, Far Eastern Quarterly, vol. 14 (1955), pp. 489–503; C. G. Reynolds, Command of the Sea: The History and Strategy of Maritime Empires (New York, 1974), pp. 98–104.

6. For what follows, see McNeill, World History, pp. 254–5; Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 4, pt 3, pp. 524ff; R. Dawson, Imperial China (London, 1972), pp. 230ff; Lo Jung-pang, ‘The Decline of the Early Ming Navy’, Orient Extremus, vol. 5 (1958), pp. 149–68; and Ho Ping-ti, ‘Economic and Institutional Factors in the Decline of the Chinese Empire’, in C. Cipolla (ed.), The Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), pp. 274–6, although in general the picture given is less gloomy than other accounts. See also the careful comparisons in J. Needham, The Grand Titration: Science and Society in East and West (London, 1969), passim; and in E. L. Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, 1981).

7. Jones, European Miracle, ch. 9; F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols (London, 1971), vol. 2, pp. 661ff; P. Wittek, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire (London, 1938); H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 (New York, 1973); M. A. Cook (ed.), A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (Cambridge, 1976); M. G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vols 2 and 3 (Chicago/London, 1924); C. M. Kortepeter, Ottoman Imperialism During the Reformation (London, 1973).

8. A. C. Hess, ‘The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453–1525’, American Historical Review, vol. 75, no. 7 (December 1970), pp. 1892–1919; Braudel, Mediterranean, vol. 2, pp. 918ff; Reynolds, Command of the Sea, pp. 112ff; and the comments in J. F. Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1974).

9. Jones, European Miracle, pp. 176ff; Cook (ed.), History of the Ottoman Empire, espec. pp. 103ff; B. Lewis, ‘Some Reflections on the Decline of the Ottoman Empire’, in Cipolla (ed.), Economic Decline of Empires, pp. 215–34; H. A. R. Gibbs and H. Bowen, Islamic Society and the West, vol. 1, 2 pts (London, 1950 and 1957), pt 1, pp. 273ff; pt 2, pp. 1–37. See also H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization and Economy: Collected Studies (London, 1978), chs 10–13.

10. Jones, European Miracle, p. 182.

11. For the gloomy side, see ibid., ch. 10; Roberts, History of the World, pp. 415–23; W. H. Moreland, From Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Indian Economic History (London, 1923); M. D. Morris, ‘Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth in South Asia’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 27 (1967), pp. 588–607. For a brighter presentation, A. J. Qaisar, The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture, AD 1498–1707 (Delhi, India, 1982), passim; and, for a slightly later period, C. A. Bayley, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars (Cambridge, 1983).

12. McNeill, Rise of the West, pp. 645–9; Jones, European Miracle, pp. 157–9; R. Bendix, Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1978), pp. 431ff; G. B. Sansom, The Western World and Japan (London, 1950), pp. 3–208; idem, A History of Japan, vols 2–3 (London, 1961 and 1964); C. R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650 (Berkeley, 1951); J. W. Hall, Government and Loca...