DevOps - A Business Perspective

Oleg Skrynnik

• Editore: Van Haren Publishing
• Anno: 2018
• ISBN:
  9789401803748
• Edizione: 1
• Argomento: Education
• Categoria: Education General

This book explains the management aspects of DevOps for those who are professionally engaged in information and technology management. It does not show DevOps as a phenomenon associated with new automation tools, programming techniques or technologies; It differs from other books by the structural nature of the narrative (perhaps, excessively structured) approach and by the attempt to cover fully the phenomenon of DevOps at a basic, fundamental level.By this approach, this book not only creates awareness of the new subject area but is also helps building the basics. The reader learns about the origins of DevOps, the inevitability of its emergence, the key prerequisites and their reflection in practices, about the practices themselves and the principles on which they are based. This book is the core literature of the EXIN DevOps Foundation certification. This exam tests the understanding of basic DevOps concepts and how they relate to each other, as well as the value of DevOps for the business. EXIN DevOps Foundation is the first level of the EXIN DevOps certification program. The EXIN DevOps Professional certification tests the knowledge of DevOps practices and how to integrate teams. The EXIN DevOps Master certification is about promoting organizational change and leading the way towards continuous delivery and improvement.

1 What is DevOps?

Methods of IT management do not stand still. Approaches to the development and operation of information systems nowadays are different from those several decades ago. Moreover, tomorrow will be the time of the next generation of refined methods and techniques, which will be based on new knowledge, experience and technology. Most of the time, management methods evolve gradually, by means of systematizing and honing of the models created earlier, based on certain basic principles and postulates. However, from time to time, discontinuities occur, allowing individual leader organizations to make a significant step forward with regards to effective and efficient use of information technology.

A good example is the transition of IT management from focus on IT systems to managing IT services. Having started around the year 2000, this change in the view of management enabled pioneers to gain significant competitive advantages. Successfully adopted by the leaders, emerging management practices became so-called best practices; and some of the best practices evolved further to generally accepted good practices, and even contributed to industry standards. Of course, some organizations did not use the best practices or standards in their work: not all spheres of economy were significantly IT-dependent in those days.

Fig. 1.1 Emergence and use of new practices

Let us look at IT service management, for example. In the 1980s, the idea to provide value from information technology in the form of services and to organize IT activities in the form of processes arose. Certain European companies became pioneers, developing new practices in organizing work and approaches to solving management problems. Some of the practices, such as introduction of a Service Desk; distinction between incidents and problems; managed and controlled processing of IT infrastructure changes, etc., were formulated in 2000-2001 in key publications such as ITIL® (it used to stand for IT Infrastructure library in those days)¹. This allowed them to move into the category of best practices, and not only leading organizations, but also the ‘followers’ started using them. Eventually, in the year 2002 BS 15000-1:2002, the first standard for IT service management was published, which established a certain norm to be followed by those who seek to build a coherent IT service management system. That said, practices, publications and standards do not stop developing:

Fig. 1.2 Development of practices

Similar dynamics can be observed now in Agile software development. However, the revolution that is brewing here affects a larger area than software development alone and the scale of the consequences may be on the same level as that of ITSM.

New, emerging practices have been labelled ‘DevOps’ (Development + Operations), which is as far from the intended meaning as ITIL® is far from the concept of ‘library’, and today’s COBIT from control objectives.

While publishing COBIT 5 in 2012, the copyright holder pointed out that, even though originally COBIT was an abbreviation of ‘Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology’, now it is a just proper name².

ITIL® custodian since 2013, AXELOS Limited has made similar comments about ITIL®.

DevOps experts, who were the originators of this movement, acknowledge the limited nature of the name, calling to use more accurate in their opinion ‘BizDevOps’, ‘DevSecOps’ and the like. However, the probability of changing the name is now insignificant.

So, the DevOps phenomenon is worth studying. To understand fully the essence of DevOps, it is necessary to consider the background of both the idea and the movement associated with it.

1.1 Origins

One could argue that DevOps appeared due to two factors: wide adoption of agile software development methods and of management of IT infrastructure as a program code. Let’s look at each of them.

1.1.1 Agile methods for software development

At the end of the 20th century, the dominant methodology of software development was the so-called ‘waterfall model’: sequential execution of predetermined stages, each of which takes significant time and ends with the achievement of previously agreed results; transition to the next stage in many cases occurs only after the previous stage is fully and formally completed. An additional distinguishing feature of this model is the functional specialization of the people involved at each stage: analysts, architects, developers, testers, and so on.

When developing large information systems of pre-defined functionality and with no or limited requirements for fast delivery of the product, this model enables creation of highquality products, combined with effective and detailed cost control.

However, at the end of the 1990s, with the rapid growth of Internet technologies and web programming, downsides of the waterfall model started to affect interaction and understanding between information systems customers (internal or external business) and providers (internal or external software developers). Indeed, emerging market opportunities available for business customers required rapid launches (within a few months) of new products to the market. However, a typical development cycle from the beginning of the project to the first working prototype could take from six to 18 months; up to 2-3 years in larger enterprises. In addition, with the emergence of previously unknown but potentially promising market opportunities, customer requirements could change in the course of the development, which was extremely difficult to take into account without extending the deadlines, or reducing the quality of the product.

Fig. 1.3 An example of a waterfall software development model

Fig. 1.4 Classical pyramid of the project management constraints

Thus, tension was building up between customers and providers; between the core business and software developers. Innovative approaches to programming were the answer to this challenge. Ken Schwaber published several books about Scrum³. Kent Beck published a book on extreme programming, or XP⁴. However, the effect of the application of these new ideas was moderate, mainly because it was focused on just one of the stages of the software development cycle — the actual programming, while the problem was wider. The end-to-end software development cycle needed to be simplified and speeded up.

In 2001, Schwaber and Beck, along with fifteen other experts, met up to discuss the existing problems and to work out a solution. The outcome of the meeting was the so-called Agile Manifesto. It was designed to bridge the gap between business and software developers. One of the manifesto’s authors, Robert C. Martin, explains⁵:

‘Trust between developers and business can emerge and develop when the right disciplines and the right minimum process are used. Business will start to trust the developers, instead of thinking that they are lazy, corrupt, nasty creatures, and the developers will start to pay attention to business and realize that they are reasonable and rational beings, rather than someone from another planet.’

The subsequent developing and adoption of agile methods by the community of programmers and project managers greatly accelerated and restructured software development.

Agile Manifesto⁶

We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work, we have come to value:

Individuals and interactions	over	processes and tools
Working software	over	comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration	over	contract negotiation
Responding to change	over	following a plan

That is, while there is value in the items on the right side, we value the items on the left more.

We follow these principles:

1. Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.

2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer’s competitive advantage.

3. Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale.

4. Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the project.

5. Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.

6. The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a devel...