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Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
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eBook - ePub
Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
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About This Book
The field of industrial microbiology involves a thorough knowledge of the microbial physiology behind the processes in the large-scale, profit-oriented production of microbe-related goods which are the subject of the field. In recent times a paradigm shift has occurred, and a molecular understanding of the various processes by which plants, animals and microorganisms are manipulated is now central to industrial microbiology. Thus the various applications of industrial microbiology are covered broadly, with emphasis on the physiological and genomic principles behind these applications. Relevance of the new elements such as bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, site-directed mutation and metabolic engineering, which have necessitated the paradigm shift in industrial microbiology are discussed.
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Information
Contents
Dedication
Preface
SECTION A INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
1.1 Definition of industrial microbiology and biotechnology
1.2 Characteristics of industrial microbiology
1.2.1 Industrial vs. Medical microbiology
1.2.2 Multi-disciplinary nature of industrial microbiology
1.2.3 Obsolescence in industrial microbiology
1.2.4 Communication of procedures in industrial microbiology
1.3 Patents and intellectual property rights in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
1.4 The word ‘fermentation’ in industrial microbiology
1.5 Organizational set-up in an industrial microbiology establishment
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
SECTION B BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PRODUCTIVITY IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
2. Microorganisms in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
2.1 Nature of cells of living systems
2.2 Classification of living organisms into three domains
2.3 Taxonomic grouping of industrial microorganisms
2.3.1 Bacteria
2.3.2 Ewkarya: fungs
2.4 Important characteristics of industrial microbes
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
3. Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
3.1 Protein synthesis
3.2 The polymerase chain reaction
3.2.1 PCR in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
3.3 Microarrays
3.3.1 Applications of Microarray Technology
3.4 Sequencing of DNA
3.4.1 Sequencing of Short DNA Fragments
3.4.2 Sequencing of Genomes or Large DNA Fragments
3.5 Identification of genes in DNA sequences
3.6 Metagenomics
3.7 Nature of bioinformatics
3.7.1 Contributions of Bioinformatics to Biotechnology
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
4. Nutrient Media for Cultivation of Industrial Microorganisms and Generation of Microbial Products
4.1 The basic nutrient requirements of industrial media
4.2 Criteria for raw materials in industrial media
4.3 Raw materials used in compounding industrial media
4.4 Growth factors
4.5 Water
4.6 Sources of components of industrial media
4.6.1 Carbohydrate Sources
4.6.2 Protein Sources
4.7 Plant waste materials in industrial microbiology media: saccharification of polysaccharides
4.7.1 Starch
4.7.2 Cellulose, Hemi-celluloses and Lignin in Plant Materials
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
5. Biosynthetic Pathways for Metabolic Products of Microorganisms
5.1 The nature of metabolic pathways
5.2 Industrial microbiological products as primary and secondary metabolites
5.2.1 Products of Primary Metabolism
5.2.2 Products of Secondary Metabolism
5.3 Trophophase-idiophase relationships in the production of secondary products
5.4 Role of secondary metabolites in the physiology of organisms producing them
5.5 Pathways for the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites of industrial importance
5.5.1 Catabolism of Carbohydrates
5.5.2 The catabolism of hydrocarbons
5.6 Carbon pathways for the formation of industrial products derived from primary metabolism
5.6.1 Catabolic Products
5.6.2 Anabolic Products
5.7 Carbon pathways for the formation of products of microbial secondary metabolism of industrial importance
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
6. Processes for Overproduction of Microbial Metabolites for Industrial Applications
6.1 Mechanisms enabling microorganisms to avoid overproduction of primary metabolic products through enzyme regulation
6.1.1 Substrate induction
6.1.2 Catabolite regulation
6.1.3 Feedback regulation
6.1.4 Amino acid regulation of RNA synthesis
6.1.5 Energy charge regulation
6.1.6 Permeability control
6.2 Derangement or bypassing of regulatory mechanisms for the overproduction of primary metabolites
6.2.1 Metabolic control
6.2.2 Permeability
6.3 Regulation of overproduction in secondary metabolites
6.3.1 Induction
6.3.2 Catabolite regulation
6.3.3 Feedback regulation
6.3.4 ATP or energy charge regulation of secondary metabolites
6.4 Empirical methods employed to disorganize regulatory mechanisms in secondary metabolite production
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
7. Selection and Improvement of Industrial Organisms for Biotechnological Applications
7.1 Sources of microorganisms used in biotechnology
7.1.1 Literature search and culture collection supply
7.1.2 Isolation de novo of Organisms Producing Metabolites of Economic Importance
7.2 Strain improvement
7.2.1 Selection from naturally occurring variants
7.2.2 Manipulation of the genome of industrial organisms in strain improvement
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
8. Culture Collections and Methods of Preservation of the Gene Pool of Industrial Organisms
8.1 The importance of culture collections in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
8.2 Types of culture collections
8.3 Handling culture collections
8.4 Methods of preserving microorganisms
8.4.1 Microbial Preservation Methods Based on the Reduction of the Growth Temperature
8.4.2 Microbial Preservation Methods Based on Dehydration
8.4.3 Microbial Preservation Methods Based on the Reduction of Nutrients
8.4.4 Determination of the Most Appropriate Method of Preserving an Organism
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
SECTION C BASIC OPERATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATIONS
9. Fermentors and Operation of Fermentation Equipment
9.1 Definition of a fermentor
9.2 The aerated stirred-tank batch fermentor
9.2.1 Construction materials for fermentors
9.2.2 Aeration and agitation in a fermentor
9.2.3 Temperature Control in a Fermentor
9.2.4 Foam Production and Control
9.2.5 Process Control in a Fermentor
9.3 Anaerobic batch fermentors
9.4 Fermentor configurations
9.4.1 Continuous Fermentations
9.5 Fed-batch cultivation
9.6 Design of new fermentors based on the physiology of the organisms: air lift fermentors
9.7 Microbial experimentation in the fermentation industry: the place of the pilot plant
9.8 Inoculum preparation
9.9 Surface or solid state (substrate) fermentors
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
10. Downstream Processing Extraction of Fermentation Products
10.1 Solids (insolubles) removal
10.1.1 Filtration
10.1.2 Centrifugation
10.1.3 Coagulation and flocculation
10.1.4 Foam fractionation
10.1.5 Whole broth treatment
10.2 Primary product isolation
10.2.1 Cell disruption
10.2.2 Liquid extraction
10.2.3 Dissociation extraction
10.2.4 Ion-exchange adsorption
10.2.5 Precipitation
10.3 Purification
10.3.1 Chromatography
10.3.2 Carbon decolorization
10.3.3 Crystallization
10.4 Product isolation
10.4.1 Crystalline processing
10.4.2 Drying
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
11. Significance and Processes of Sterility in Industrial Microbiology
11.1 The Basis Of Loss By Contaminants
11.2 Methods Of Achieving Sterility
11.2.1 Physical Methods
11.2.2 Chemical Methods
11.3 Aspects Of Sterilization In Industry
11.3.1 The Sterilization of the Fermenter and its Accessories
11.3.2 Media Sterilization
11.4 Viruses (Phages) In Industrial Microbiology
11.4.1 Morphological Grouping of Bacteriophages
11.4.2 Lysis of Hosts by Phages
11.4.3 Prevention of Phage Contamination
11.4.4 Use of Phage-Resistant Mutants
11.4.5 Chemical Inhibition of Phage Multiplication
11.4.6 Use of Adequate Media Conditions and Other Practices
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
SECTION D PRODUCTION OF METABOLITES AS BULK CHEMICALS OR AS INPUTS IN OTHER PROCESSES
12. Biocatalysts, Immobilized Enzymes and Immobilized Cells
12.1 Enzymes Produced By Microorganisms
12.2 Classification Of Enzymes
12.3 Uses Of Enzymes In Industry
12.4 Production Of Enzymes
12.4.1 Fermentation For Enzyme Production
12.4.2 Enzyme Extraction
12.4.3 Packaging and Finishing
12.4.4 Toxicity Testing and Standardization
12.5 Immobilized Biocatalysts: Enzymes And Cells
12.5.1 General Advantages of Immobilized Biocatalysts
12.5.2 Methods of Immobilizing Enzymes
12.5.3 Methods for the Immobilization of Cells
12.6 Bioreactor Designs Used In Biocatalysis
12.7 Practical Application Of Immobilized Biological Catalyst Systems
12.8 Manipulation Of Microorganisms For Higher Yield Of Enzymes
12.8.1 Biological Aspects of Extracellular Enzyme Production
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
13. Production of Biofuel and Industrial Alcohol
13.1 Biofuel
13.1.1 Types of biofuels and feedstocks for production of biofuel
13.1.2 Thermochemical biofuel processes
13.2 Industrial alcohol production
13.2.1 Properties of ethanol
13.2.2 Uses of ethanol
13.2.3 Denatured alcohol
13.2.4 Manufacture of ethanol
13.2.5 Developments in alcohol production
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
14. Production of Organic Acids
14.1 Organic Acids
14.1.1 Production of Citric Acid
14.1.2 Uses of Citric Acid
14.1.3 Biochemical Basis of the Production of Citric Acid
14.1.4 Fermentation For Citric Acid Production
14.1.5 Extraction
14.1.6 Lactic Acid
End of chapter questions
Suggested readings
15. Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation
15.1 Uses of amino acids
15.2 Methods for amino acid production
15.2.1 Semi-fermentation
15.2.2 Enzymatic process
15.2.3 Production of amino acids by direct fermentation
15.3 Production of glutamic acid by wild type bacteria
15.4 Production of amino acids by mutants
15.4.1 Production of amino acids by auxotrophic mutants
15.4.2 Production of amino acids by regulato...