THE COMPTIA PROJECT+ EXAM TOPICS COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER INCLUDE
- 1.1 Summarize the properties of a project.
- Temporary
- Start and finish
- Unique
- Reason/purpose
- Project as part of a program
- Project as part of a portfolio
- 1.5 Identify common project team organizational structures.
- Functional
- Resources reporting to functional manager
- Project manager has limited or no authority.
- Matrix
- Authority is shared between functional managers and project managers.
- Resources assigned from Functional area to project
- Project manager authority ranges from weak to strong.
- Projectized
- Project manager has full authority.
- Resources report to project manager.
- Ad hoc resources
Your decision to take the CompTIA Project+ exam is an important step in your career aspirations. Certification is important for project managers because many employers look for project management certification in addition to real-life experience and evidence of formal education from job applicants. This book is designed to provide you with the necessary concepts to prepare for the Project+ exam. Much of the information here will be based on the Knowledge Areas documented in
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK GuideĀ®) published by the Project Management Institute (PMI
Ā®). The book will include tips on how to prepare for the exam, as well as examples and real-world scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
This chapter will cover the definitions and characteristics of a project, provide a high-level overview of project management, describe the difference between a program and a portfolio, and explain how organizations are structured.
Defining the Project
Projects exist to bring about or fulfill the goals of the organization. Most projects benefit from the application of a set of processes and standards known as project management. Letās start with some fundamental questions.
- What makes a new assignment a project?
- How do you know if you are working on a project?
- What distinguishes a project from an operational activity?
Projects involve a team of people, and so do day-to-day business activities. They both involve following a process or a plan, and they both result in activities that help reach a goal. So, what is so different about a project? Letās explore all of these questions in the following sections.
Identifying the Project
A project is a temporary endeavor that has definite beginning and ending dates, and it results in a unique product, service, or result. A project is considered a success when the goals it sets out to accomplish are fulfilled and the stakeholders are satisfied with the results.
Projects also bring about a product, service, or result that never existed before. This may include creating tangible goods, implementing software, writing a book, planning and executing an employee appreciation event, constructing a building, and more. There is no limit to what can be considered a project as long as it fits the following criteria:
Unique A project is typically undertaken to meet a specific business objective. It involves doing something new, which means that the end result should be a unique product or service. These products may be marketed to others, may be used internally, may provide support for ongoing operations, and so on.
Temporary Projects have definite start and end dates. The time it takes to complete the work of the project can vary in overall length from a few weeks to several years, but there is always a start date and an end date.
Reason or Purpose A project comes about to fulfill a purpose. This might include introducing a new product, fulfilling a business objective or strategic goal, satisfying a social need, and any number of other reasons. Itās important to document and communicate the purpose and reasons for the project so that team members remain focused on achieving the goals of the project.
Stakeholder Satisfaction A project starts once itās been identified, the objectives have been outlined in the project charter, and appropriate stakeholders have approved the project plan. A project ends when those goals have been met to the satisfaction of the stakeholders.
Once youāve identified the project, youāll validate the project (weāll cover this topic in the section āValidating the Projectā later in this chapter) and then write the project charter and obtain approval for the charter. Weāll talk in more detail about the project charter in Chapter 3, āCreating the Project Charter.ā
Programs and Portfolios
Projects are sometimes managed as part of a program or portfolio. A program is a group of related projects that are managed together using coordinated processes and techniques. The collective management of a group of projects can bring about benefits that wouldnāt be achievable if the projects were managed separately.
Portfolios are collections of programs, subportfolios, and projects that support strategic business goals or objectives. Unlike programs, portfolios may consist of projects that are not related.
Hereās an example to help clarify the difference between programs and portfolios. Letās say your company is in the construction business. The organization has several business units: retail construction, single-family residential buildings, and multifamily residential buildings. Individually, each of the business units may comprise a program. For example, retail construction is a program because all the projects within this program exist to create new retail-oriented buildings. This is not the same as single-family home construction (a different program), which is not the same as multifamily residential construction (a different program). Collectively, the programs and projects within all of these business units make up the portfolio. Other projects and programs may exist within this portfolio as well, such as parking structures, landscaping, and so on.
Programs and projects within a portfolio are not necessarily related to one another in a direct way. And projects may independently exist within the portfolio (in other words, the project isnāt related to a program but belongs to the portfolio). However, the overall objective of any program or project in a portfolio is to meet the strategic objectives of the portfolio, which in turn should meet the strategic objectives of the business unit or corporation.
Understanding Operations
Operations are ongoing and repetitive. They donāt have a beginning date or an ending date, unless youāre starting a new operation or retiring an old one. Operations typically involve ongoing functions that support the production of goods or services. Projects, on the other hand, come about to meet a specific, unique result and then conclude.
Itās important t...