Dictionary of DNA and Genome Technology

Paul Singleton

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2012
• Print ISBN: 9781118447574, 9781118447581
• eBook ISBN: 9781118447543
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Genetics & Genomics
• Index: Biological Sciences

DNA technology is evolving rapidly, with new methods and a fast-growing vocabulary. This unique dictionary offers current, detailed and accessible information on DNA technology to lecturers, researchers and students throughout the biomedical and related sciences.

The third edition is a major update, with over 3000 references from mainstream journals and data from the very latest research – going well beyond the remit of most science dictionaries. It provides clear explanations of terms, techniques, and tests, including commercial systems, with detailed coverage of many important procedures and methods, and  includes essay-style entries on many major topics to assist newcomers to the field. It covers topics relevant to medicine (diagnosis, genetic disorders, gene therapy); veterinary science; biotechnology; biochemistry; pharmaceutical science/drug development; molecular biology; microbiology; epidemiology; genomics; environmental science; plant science/agriculture; taxonomy; and forensic science.

1–10

−1 ribosomal frameshifting

FRAMESHIFTING (q.v.) in which the READING FRAME is shifted 1 nucleotide upstream (i.e. in the 5′ direction).

+1 ribosomal frameshifting

FRAMESHIFTING (q.v.) in which the READING FRAME is shifted 1 nucleotide downstream (i.e. in the 3′ direction).

1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide

RIBAVIRIN.

1,2-dioxetanes

Compounds that include a range of commercial products used for generating CHEMILUMINESCENCE in various reporter systems in DNA technology – examples include e.g. AMPPD and CSPD.

1,2-propanediol

An agent which (together with trehalose) was reported to be a potent enhancer of QUANTITATIVE PCR [BMC Biotechnol (2011) 11:41].

1,3-dimethylxanthine

An agent used e.g. for controlling gene expression in engineered systems – and as an inhibitor of the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase. See THEOPHYLLINE.

1,4-butanediol dimethylsulfonate

See BUSULFAN.

1m

The designation of a small-molecule agent that inhibits the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3). It has been used to induce differentiation in (human) embryonic STEM CELLS [J Cell Sci (2011) doi: 10.1242/jcs.081679].

2^–ΔΔCT method

See the entry COMPARATIVE CT METHOD.

2-component regulatory system

TWO-COMPONENT REGULATORY SYSTEM

2-deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranoside

An agent that is bactericidal for certain actively growing species. See the entry STREPTOZOTOCIN.

2′-deoxyribonucleoside N-oxide 5′-triphosphates

Nucleotide analogs used in a PRIMER EXTENSION ASSAY (q.v.).

2-hybrid system

See TWO-HYBRID SYSTEM.

2-ketoglutarate

See 2-oxoglutarate, below.

2-mercaptoethanesulfonate

See MESNA.

2-mercaptoethanol(HO(CH₂)₂SH)

A reducing agent which is present e.g. as a constituent in buffers used for storing certain enzymes; it maintains the sulfhydryl (SH) group in a reduced state.

2-metal-ion catalysis

See TWO-METAL-ION CATALYSIS.

2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone

An agent used e.g. for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells: see the entry MENADIONE.

2 µ plasmid

A (dsDNA) multicopy plasmid often present in the nucleus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The FLP (q.v.) site-specific recombination system derives from this plasmid. See TWO-MICRON PLASMID for further details.

2-oxoglutarate

(2-ketoglutarate)A cofactor needed for activity of the enzyme encoded by TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION GENES.

2-oxy-4-aminopyrimidine

CYTOSINE (q.v.).

2-propylpentanoic acid(valproic acid)

An inhibitor of histone deacetylases (see the entry HDAC).

2′-O-ribose methylation(of RNA)

2′-O-methylation of rRNA is carried out (in nucleoli) by the enzyme fibrillarin (see the entry SNORNAS).

Using a synthetic guide RNA (of the type involved, in vivo, in methylation of rRNA), methylation of pre-mRNA at the 2′-OH of an intron's branch-point adenosine was used to block the splicing reaction in a given transcript in cells of Xenopus [RNA (2010) 16(5):1078–1085, doi: 10.1261/rna.2060210].

2′-O-methylation (of the 3′-terminal nucleotide) is found in small, non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, siRNAs) in plants, and in some of the small non-coding RNAs in animals. Methylation is carried out by the RNA methyltransferase HEN1 (q.v.).

2′-O-methylated ribose can be detected by various chemical reagents [J Nucleic Acids (2011) doi: 10.4061/2011/408053 – see section 3.4 in this paper].

2-thiouracil

A base analog that has been used e.g. in strands of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) in the ARCUT system.

2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone

See SOLVATOCHROMIC FLUOR-ESCENT DYE.

2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate

Any – synthetically produced – nucleoside triphosphate that is used e.g. for chain termination in the DIDEOXY METHOD of DNA sequencing, and for SINGLE-BASE EXTENSION.

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)

A NON-GENOTOX-IC CARCINOGEN (q.v.).

2,4-difluorotoluene

An agent that was used for modifying the potency of siRNAs by promoting separation of the strands of dsRNA precursor molecules [Nucleic Acids Res (2010) doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq568].

2,6-diaminopurine

A type of base analog that has been used e.g. in strands of peptide nucleic acid in the ARCUT system.

2,8-dihydroxyadenine

See ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFER-ASE.

2i culture(2-inhibitor culture)

A protocol used for the (in vitro) maintenance of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells – in the absence of feeder cells – by using certain small-molecule ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Dedication
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Notes for the user
• Ready reference
• 1–10
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• Appendix: Alphabetical list of genera