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CHAPTER 1
Introducing Weekly Options
ā Evolution of Weekly Options
On Friday October 28, 2005, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) launched the first weekly contract. Weekly contracts were first launched in 2005 on the S&P 500 (SPX) and S&P 100 (OEX) market indexes. The popular thinking, however, is that weekly, or short-dated, options have only been available since the summer of 2010 because many traders focus on equity options and only became aware of short-dated options when they became available on stocks. Weekly options on exchange traded funds followed shortly after short dated options on stocks the following month. When shorter dated options in equities and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) hit the markets in 2010, many more traders started to pay attention to these contracts and rapid growth in trading volume quickly followed.
Weeklys is a term that is specific to options trading at CBOE and is actually a service mark of CBOE. However it is a term that seems to have taken on general meaning for all short dated option contracts. Other option exchanges list short-dated options as well but they use different terminology. For instance, the NYSE ARCA Options exchange uses the term Short Term Options Series. Other than the name, contracts listed at this exchange or any other option exchange that start trading on Thursday and expire the following Friday have all the same characteristics as weeklys.
From 2005 until 2010 SPX and OEX Weeklys were the only weekly option contracts listed at CBOE or any other options exchange in the United States. Toward the end of this five-year period that precedes the introduction of equity weeklys in 2010, the average daily volume of SPX Weeklys was around 16,000 contracts and the average daily volume of OEX Weeklys was just over 15,000 contracts. In late 2012 the average daily volume for SPX Weeklys had jumped to 100,000 contractsāsome days with volume topping 200,000 contracts. Also, as a percentage of total SPX option trading, short dated SPX options had grown to over 20 percent of average daily volume as of late 2012.
After weekly options on equities were introduced, there was another change to the structure of the options that has probably aided in the success of these contracts. Originally these contracts would be issued on a Friday morning the week before they were set to expire. After about a month of weekly options on stocks being listed on a Friday morning and typically expiring the following Friday, the decision was made to list these contracts a day earlier on Thursdays. This final change resulted in what is commonly thought of as weekly options, weeklys, or short-dated options. There are some other small deviations on this that will be discussed in the next couple of chapters.
Barring a holiday, a weekly option series will begin trading on the market opening on a Thursday and cease trading the following Friday. The result is an option contract that has a life of seven trading days between listing and expiration. In addition to the seven trading day options that are listed for expiration on nonstandard expiration weeks there are also some series that are listed to assure there are five expiration weeks in a row. If a stock or market has options expiring in five consecutive weeks, it is commonly referred to as having serial options available for trading.
ā Popularity of Weekly Options
Many academic studies have been commissioned to determine what makes a successful listed derivative product. Needless to say, exchanges are very curious to know what the right formula is to bringing traders, investors, and liquidity providers together to trade a financial product. Although there is much time, thought, and effort that goes into a new exchange-listed product, the success or failure seems to have an aspect of luck as well. At first glance, the rapid acceptance of short-dated options on equities is a bit perplexing. Weeklys had been around for years on SPX and OEX and without attracting the dramatic volume that equity options did. However, considering what strategies are most popular with equity options relative to strategies with options on indexes, there is an understanding how the emergence of short-term options on stocks fueled the eventual growth for both short-dated equity and index option contracts.
Figure 1.1 compares the daily SPX PutāCall Ratio trading to equity-option trading at CBOE for the first six months in 2012. A putācall ratio is calculated by dividing the volume of put options traded by the number of call options traded in a particular period. The higher line on this chart represents a ratio of SPX puts to SPX calls traded each day. The lower line on this chart represents a ratio of equity put option volume divided by equity call option volume each day.
Note the higher line representing the SPX PutāCall Ratio; it is consistently above 1.00 and often above 2.00. The SPX PutāCall Ratio over 1.00 is interpreted as more SPX put options trade in a day than SPX call options. If total SPX option volume is 600,000 contracts in a single day and the SPX PutāCall Ratio equals 2.00 that would mean twice as many SPX put options than call contracts traded in a single day. For a day with the total volume at 600,000 this would mean 400,000 puts and 200,000 calls traded on the day.
Now consider the solid line that represents equity put volume divided by equity call volume. The light gray line is under 1.00 on a pretty consistent basis. This means that more equity call options trade than equity put options on a daily basis. If 3,000,000 equity options trade in a single day at the CBOE and the Equity Putācall ratio equals 0.50, then half as many equity put options as the number of call options traded on the day. For a day with 3,000,000 contracts changing hands this would mean put volume was 1,000,000 and call volume 2,000,000. So how does this relate to the success of short-dated options since 2010?
Before joining the Options Institute at the CBOE, my career spanned a wide variety of trading and institutional investment firms. The majority of the firms I worked for would use equity and index options in completely different ways. If a portfolio manager gave the trading desk a ticket to trade index options, this trade was going to be a trade using SPX put options. With very few exceptions the trade would involve using put options to hedge a portfolio. The hedge would often be a very straightforward opening purchase of out-of-the-money SPX put options. In the case that the order was to buy index options, it would be a purchase of SPX puts to close out a long position.
If an order ticket was given to the desk to trade equity options it would be to trade a call option. This order would typically be an opening transaction that involved selling calls versus shares that were currently owned. This is a very common strategy known as a covered call. Portfolio managers often work with target prices to exit stocks or possibly lower their exposure to the stock. A method of exiting the stock is to sell a call option and take on the obligation to sell shares. If the covered call is held until expiration, it would either be assigned with shares being called away or expire with no value and a profit to the portfolio. If a buy order came in for an equity call option, it would be to close out the trade. Closing out the covered call would involve a purchase of call options to close out the obligation to sell the underlying shares that goes along with that trade.
When selling a call option against shares of stock that is owned, one secondary motivation will be to benefit from the time decay of the option contract. In certain circumstances it makes sense to focus on the nearest expiring option contract when considering a covered call. Sometimes this would result in a trade not being executed. The next expiration date may be too far out on the calendar or the premium received would not make sense to have an obligation to sell shares for the time until expiration. Now for over 200 equity securities there are always options that will be expiring in a very short period of time which gives more flexibility to considering a covered call. These shorter dated call options are ideal for taking advantage of time decay. This short-dated time decay is the basis of several other strategies covered in this book.
Equity call options are often used for covered calls while the most common use of index options is to hedge portfolios. The daily volume for SPX put contracts is consistently higher than the volume of SPX calls because hedging is a primary motivator to trade index options. Also, since the majority of index option trading is on the put side and, for hedging purposes, the attractiveness of index options that have only a few days until expiration may not have been apparent before the introduction of short-dated equity options.
Generally a portfolio manager would want to hedge a portfolio for more than just a few days. Because of the longer time frame relative to expiration a portfolio manager would not see the value in buying short-dated puts to gain portfolio protection. However, under several scenarios SPX Weeklys make sense for hedging purposes. Index options will be fully introduced in Chapter 3. Chapter 24 will discuss how SPX Weeklys actually make sense and are being used for hedging purposes. The recognition of the use of shorter dated SPX options for hedging purposes has resulted in steady volume growth for SPX Weeklys. Figure 1.2 is a chart depicting the average daily volume for SPX Weeklys from January 2010 to November 2012.
A slight drop in SPX Weeklys volume may be seen between May 2010 and June 2010. This may be attributed to weeklys being offered for the first time on broad-based exchange-traded funds. On June 4, 2010, CBOE began trading weekly options on four exchange-traded fundsāStandard and Poorās Depositary Receipts (SPY), DIAMONDS Trust Series 1 (DIA), NASDAQ-100 Index Tracking Stock (QQQ), and iShares Russell 2000 Index Fund (IWM). It is very possible that these new weekly options that give traders similar exposure to the overall market as SPX option contracts initially took some volume from SPX Weeklys. However, as overall acceptance of weekly options emerged in early 2011, volume in SPX Weeklys began to increase at a rapid pace.
ā Option Expiration Dates Explained
Officially, standard option contracts expire on the third Saturday following the third Friday of the month. This date was selected as there is always a third Friday and it is least likely to be a market holiday week. When weekly options were introduced the expiration date was actually designated to be on Friday. This is a subtle difference between standard option contracts since the markets are not open on Saturdays. Basically this does not have much of an impact for most traders because Friday would typically be the last day to trade either standard or short-dated option contracts.
Saturday expiration is becoming a bit antiquated as it was implemented back when the recordkeeping process was very labor intensive. With the emergence of technology, standard options not officially expiring until 11:59 a.m. the Saturday following the third Friday of the month has become an outdated process. For individuals, the difference between non-third-Friday options and standard option contracts is not too much when it comes to expiration, but for firms this is something that has to be tracked.
In October 2012 the Options Clearing Corporation announced that beginning with options expiring after February 2015 the official expiration date would be moved from the third Saturday following the third Friday to the third Friday of the month. In October 2012 there were January 2015 Long-term Equity AnticiPation Securities (LEAPS) options already in place that had Saturday designated as the expiration date.
With those contracts in place it made sense to keep Saturday expiration until after those contacts expire. When those contracts expire Saturday expiration will be history.
ā Option Symbols and Weeklys
When I am out speaking on behalf of CBOE or the Options Industry Council, I will expound on the benefits of weekly options and also mention they have only been around for equities for only a couple of years. A common question I will get is what took so long for exchanges to list weekly options on equities. The answer is rooted in option symbols.
Until 2010 specific option contracts consisted of symbols that had five letters. This effort was known as the Options Symbology Initiative and was enacted and coordinated by the Options Clearing Corporation. The reason behind this change was simple. We had run out of symbols. Also, symbols for option contracts had no logic. The Option Symbology Initiative also added some logic to the appearance of opt...
