This text offers an open-learning approach to Raman spectroscopy providing detail on instrumentation, applications and discussions questions throughout the book.
It provides a valuable guide to assist with teaching Raman spectroscopy which is gaining attention in (analytical) chemistry, and as a consequence, teaching programs have followed. Today, education in Raman spectroscopy is often limited to theoretical aspects (e.g. selection rules), but practical aspects are usually disregarded. With these course notes, the author hopes to fill this gap and include information about Raman instrumentation and how it is interpreted.
Provides auser-friendly text that tackles the theoretical background, and offers everyday tips for common practice
Raman instrumentation and practical aspects, which are sometimes overlooked, are covered
Appropriate for students, and includes summaries, text boxes, illustrating the ideas with examples from research literature or providing background information or links with other courses
Written with an open-learning approach, this book will be ideal for use as a self-study guide or as the basis of a taught course with discussion and self-assessment questions throughout the text
Includes a comprehensive bibliography to guide the reader to more specialized texts and sources.
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Yes, you can access Practical Raman Spectroscopy by Peter Vandenabeele in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Physical Sciences & Spectroscopy & Spectrum Analysis. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
To appreciate the historical background of Raman spectroscopy
To understand how instrumental improvements opened the way to new Raman spectroscopic applications
The theoretical background of the Raman effect is already extensively described in literature. The Raman effect can be considered as the inelastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation. During this interaction, energy is transferred between the photons and the molecular vibrations. Therefore, the scattered photons have a different energy to the incoming photons.
1.1 Classical Approach
When a molecule is positioned in an electrical field
, an electrical dipole moment
is induced. The relation between this induced dipole moment and the electrical field can be expressed as a power series:
1.1
In this equation,
,
and
are tensors, which are named polarisability, hyperpolarisability and 2nd hyperpolarisability, respectively. Typically, they are in the range of ca.
and
. As these tensors each are a factor 10 billion less intense, the influence of these factors can in many cases be neglected.
Question 1.1
Estimate value of the terms in Equation (1.1), when using an electrical field of 3 ·
(corresponding to a typical laser intensity of ca.
).
The induced dipole moment can be thus considered as directly proportional to the electrical field and Equation (1.1) is reduced to:
1.2
When studying the Raman effect, the electrical field is caused by electromagnetic radiation. Indeed, light can be considered as an oscillating electrical field. The electrical field vector E on the moment t is described as:
1.3
with
the vibrational frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.
In Equation (1.2) the polarisability
is a tensor, which is dependent on the shape and dimensions of the chemical bond. As chemical bonds change during vibrations, the polarisability is dependent on the vibrations of the molecule. It can be said that the polarisability tensor
is dependent on the normal coordinate Q of the molecule. This relationship can be expressed as a Taylor series:
1.4
and
are the normal coordinates that correspond with the
and
normal vibration, corresponding with the vibrational frequencies
and
. In a first approximation, only the first two ter...
