Foundations of Play Therapy

Charles E. Schaefer

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2011
• Print ISBN: 9780470527528
• eBook ISBN: 9781118013267
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Psychologie
• Subtopic: Psychothérapie

The landmark guide to play therapy—completely updated and revised

Edited by Charles E. Schaefer—the "father of play therapy"— Foundations of Play Therapy, Second Edition is a complete, state-of-the-art guide to the many diverse approaches to, and methods used in, play therapy practice with children and adolescents.

Featuring an expert panel of contributors, this comprehensive reference provides up-to-date and insightful coverage of all of the major theoretical models of play therapy and offers practical examples for the application of each model, including:

• Narrative play therapy
  
  

• Solution-focused play therapy
  
  

• Experiential play therapy
  
  

• Release play therapy
  
  

• Integrative play therapy
  
  

• Psychoanalytic approaches to play therapy
  
  

• Child-centered play therapy
  
  

• Gestalt play therapy
  
  

• Family play therapy
  
  

• Cognitive behavioral play therapy
  
  

• Prescriptive play therapy
  
  

Written for therapists looking for guidance on how to incorporate play therapy into their practice, as well as students or those in need of a refresher on the latest methods and techniques, Foundations of Play Therapy, Second Edition is a standard-setting resource presenting pragmatic and useful information for therapists at all levels of training.

PART I
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLAY THERAPY PRACTICE

Chapter 1
PLAY THERAPY
Basic Concepts and Practices

Julie Blundon Nash and Charles E. Schaefer

Oh, every child just once in their life should have this chance to spill themselves out all over without a “Don’t you dare! Don’t you dare! Don’t you dare!”

Jerry, age 7

No. I don’t have to break that window. I don’t have to go on acting like I always have. I don’t have to do everything just because I get the idea to do it. I don’t have to hit people just because I feel like hittin’ ‘em. I guess it’s because I didn’t know before I could just feel mad and in a while it would go away—the bein’ mad—and I would be happy again. I can change. I don’t have to stay the same old way always because I can be different. Because now I can feel my feelings!

Harold, age 8

Jerry and Harold were clients of Virginia Axline, a leading figure in the world of play therapy (Axline, 1979, p. 520). These children entered therapy because of behavior problems and an inability to express their emotions in appropriate ways. Perhaps better than anyone, Jerry and Harold portray the true experience of play therapy as an opportunity to take control of the emotions that can sometimes run rampant. Their statements continue to ring true today, even as play therapy has evolved to include numerous theoretical orientations utilized around the world.

This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the basic concepts and practices of play therapy. Play therapy has a rich history dating back to Freud and the beginnings of psychoanalytic theory and is continually being developed and expanded. The following pages will define and describe play therapy, including the importance of using play in a therapeutic setting, the playroom and suggested materials, the stages of therapy, inclusion of caregivers, and the effectiveness of play interventions.

DEFINITION OF PLAY THERAPY

The Association for Play Therapy has defined play therapy as “the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development” (Association for Play Therapy, n.d.). This indicates that play therapy is a therapeutic modality firmly grounded in theoretical models. The major theories of play therapy will be described in detail later in this book. Some examples include psychoanalytic, child-centered, cognitive-behavioral, prescriptive, and family play therapy.

The definition of play therapy also indicates that play therapists strive to recognize, acknowledge, and utilize the therapeutic powers of play. These therapeutic powers, also known as change mechanisms, are the active forces within play that help clients overcome their psychosocial difficulties and achieve positive development.

IMPORTANCE OF PLAY THERAPY

The therapeutic powers of play can be classified into eight broad categories: communication, emotional regulation, relationship enhancement, moral judgment, stress management, ego boosting, preparation for life, and self-actualization. Chapter 2 contains a detailed description of the specific healing agents inherent in play. These change mechanisms form the foundation for the theoretical models and, thus are the heart and soul of play therapy.

Play has many benefits in life, regardless of age. Play is fun, educational, creative, and stress relieving and encourages positive social interactions and communication. When playing, children learn to tolerate frustration, regulate their emotions, and excel at a task that is innate. Children can practice new skills in a way that makes sense to them, without the structured confines of “the real world” or the need to use verbal language. There are no mistakes too big to overcome through play, and no challenges too tricky to attempt. Play gives children a chance to master their worlds as they create, develop, and maintain their own senses of self. Children use play to communicate when they do not have the words to share their needs and look to adults to understand their language. As Landreth (2002a) aptly pointed out, play is a child’s language and toys are the words.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF PLAY THERAPY

Sigmund Freud, through his work with Little Hans, first brought the idea of therapeutic play into the practice of psychotherapy (Freud, 1909). Freud wrote that play serves three main functions: promotion of freer self-expression (especially of instincts considered taboo), wish fulfillment, and mastery of traumatic events. To master traumatic events through play, a child reenacts the event with a sense of power and control of the situation. This allows the child to bring repressed memories to consciousness and relive them while appropriately releasing affect. Termed abreaction, this process is different from catharsis because abreaction includes the reliving and mastering of the experience itself rather than the simple release of affect (Freud, 1892, as cited in Erwin, 2001). While some theorists have described catharsis in terms of a hydraulic theory of built-up negative energy that quickly discharges, more recent authors suggest that negative emotions are often brought out and released slowly as a child gradually assimilates the experience through repetitive play (Pulaski, 1974).

Melanie Klein continued the idea of using play for child therapy in a psychoanalytic framework. In particular, she believed that play allowed unconscious material to surface, and the therapist could then interpret the repressed wishes and conflicts to help the child understand his or her problems and needs. Klein agreed with the gradual approach to understanding and assimilating negative experiences as well as the need to relive and master such experiences through play (Klein, 1955). Klein worked with younger children than traditional psychoanalysts would see.

One technique that Klein (1955) pioneered involved the use of miniatures. When children play with miniature toys, they often feel a sense of control over these objects as the representation of real-world objects or people. Margaret Lowenfeld took this idea further and developed the World Technique. This technique involves a sand tray and access to water and miniature objects that represent larger scale items. Sandplay therapists typically have a wide selection of miniatures available, for example, people, animals, buildings, landscape items, methods of transportation, archetypes, and supernatural beings. In the World Technique, children are given the opportunity to create an imaginary world in which they can express whatever they desire. Children may develop realistic or fantastic worlds, peaceful or aggressive worlds, orderly or chaotic worlds (Lowenfeld, 1939). These sand trays are considered to be expressions of predominantly unconscious material and utilized as such in therapy.

Another psychoanalyst who used play therapeutically was Anna Freud (1946). She helped to bring child therapy, particularly child analysis, into a more widely used arena. She believed play was important because it enabled the therapist to establish a therapeutic alliance with the child. Similarly, recent research has suggested that a strong therapeutic relationship is necessary for effective therapy.

In the middle of the 20th century, Virginia Axline brought a more humanistic, person-centered approach to child and play therapy. In particular, Axline (1947) espoused the belief that the necessary conditions for therapeutic change were unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and authenticity. She also stated that children are better able to express their thoughts, feelings, and wishes through play than with words.

The following chapters will provide more details about these classical theories of play therapy, together with more recent models, including cognitive-behavioral, prescriptive, solution-focused, narrative, and integrative play therapies.

WAYS OF IMPLEMENTING PLAY THERAPY

Like traditional talk therapy, play therapy can be implemented in a variety of formats. For example, child-centered play therapists tend to utilize individual sessions with the child and allow the child the freedom to express himself or herself with little direction from the therapist. The role of the therapist is to encourage the child’s appropriate expression of emotions and give the child a sense of control over the therapeutic relationship. Therapists who utilize other modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral play therapy, often structure the therapeutic process more, depending on the assessed needs of the child.

Filial therapists train parents to be cotherapists and implement the therapeutic process through parent–child interactions. Filial therapy sessions are similar to client-centered play therapy ones, but in the sessions the parents encourage positive interactions that will persevere beyond the constraints of the therapy room (Guerney, 2000). Family play therapy that utilizes other modalities (such as cognitive-behavioral or group approaches) to encourage involvement of caregivers has also been shown to be effective (Bratton, Ray, Rhine, & Jones, 2005).

Group play therapy has been applied to a number of presenting problems. Therapy groups may be either nondirective or directive in nature. In directive groups, sessions are typically psychosocial in nature and focus on a presenting issue that the children share in common, such as social skills deficits, acting out behaviors, or past trauma (e.g., Flahive & Ray, 2007; Spence, 2003; Sweeney & Homeyer, 1999).

APPLICATIONS OF PLAY THERAPY

Play therapy clients can be infants/toddlers (Schaefer, Kelly-Zion, McCormick, & Ohnogi, 2008), preschoolers (Schaefer, 2010), or elementary and high school students (Gallo-Lopez & Schaefer, 2005). Clients can come from many socioeconomic backgrounds, including those who are homeless (Baggerly & Jenkins, 2009). Play therapy can also be utilized with adult and elderly clients (Schaefer, 2003). While play therapy with adolescents and adults is continuing to gain popularity, most current therapeutic interactions are with children ages 3 to 12. Thus, child will be used throughout this chapter to designate the play therapy client.

Play therapy is a modality that ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Preface
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Part I : Fundamentals of Play Therapy Practice
• Part II : Major Theoretical Approaches
• Author Index
• Subject Index