Smart Grid

Fundamentals of Design and Analysis

James A. Momoh

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2012
• ISBN:
  9781118156100
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Tecnología e ingeniería
• Subtopic: Recursos energéticos

The book is written as primer hand book for addressing the fundamentals of smart grid. It provides the working definition the functions, the design criteria and the tools and techniques and technology needed for buildingsmart grid. The book is needed to provide a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Smart Grid. It incorporates all the essential factors of Smart Grid appropriate for enabling the performance and capability of the power system. There are no comparable books which provide information on the "how to" of the design and analysis.

The book provides a fundamental discussion on the motivation for the smart grid development, the working definition and the tools for analysis and development of the Smart Grid. Standards and requirements needed for designing new devices, systems and products are discussed; the automation and computational techniques need to ensure that the Smart Grid guarantees adaptability, foresight alongside capability of handling new systems and components are discussed. The interoperability of different renewable energy sources are included to ensure that there will be minimum changes in the existing legacy system.

Overall the book evaluates different options of computational intelligence, communication technology and decision support system to design various aspects of Smart Grid. Strategies for demonstration of Smart Grid schemes on selected problems are presented.

1

SMART GRID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Today’s electric grid was designed to operate as a vertical structure consisting of generation, transmission, and distribution and supported with controls and devices to maintain reliability, stability, and efficiency. However, system operators are now facing new challenges including the penetration of RER in the legacy system, rapid technological change, and different types of market players and end users. The next iteration, the smart grid, will be equipped with communication support schemes and real-time measurement techniques to enhance resiliency and forecasting as well as to protect against internal and external threats. The design framework of the smart grid is based upon unbundling and restructuring the power sector and optimizing its assets. The new grid will be capable of:

• Handling uncertainties in schedules and power transfers across regions
• Accommodating renewables
• Optimizing the transfer capability of the transmission and distribution networks and meeting the demand for increased quality and reliable supply
• Managing and resolving unpredictable events and uncertainties in operations and planning more aggressively.

1.2 TODAY’S GRID VERSUS THE SMART GRID

As mentioned, several factors contribute to the inability of today’s grid to efficiently meet the demand for reliable power supply. Table 1.1 compares the characteristics of today’s grid with the preferred characteristics of the smart grid.

TABLE 1.1. Comparison of Today’s Grid vs. Smart Grid [4]

Preferred Characteristics	Today’s Grid	Smart Grid
Active Consumer Participation	Consumers are uninformed and do not participate	Informed, involved consumers—demand response and distributed energy resources
Accommodation of all generation and storage options	Dominated by central generation—many obstacles exist for distributed energy resources interconnection	Many distributed energy resources with plug-and-play convenience focus on renewables
New products, services, and markets	Limited, poorly integrated wholesale markets; limited opportunities for consumers	Mature, well-integrated wholesale markets; growth of new electricity markets for consumers
Provision of power quality for the digital economy	Focus on outages—slow response to power quality issues	Power quality a priority with a variety of quality/price options—rapid resolution of issues
Optimization of assets and operates efficiently	Little integration of operational data with asset management—business process silos	Greatly expanded data acquisition of grid parameters; focus on prevention, minimizing impact to consumers
Anticipating responses to system disturbances (self-healing)	Responds to prevent further damage; focus on protecting assets following a fault	Automatically detects and responds to problems; focus on prevention, minimizing impact to consumers
Resiliency against cyber attack and natural disasters	Vulnerable to malicious acts of terror and natural disasters; slow response	Resilient to cyber attack and natural disasters; rapid restoration capabilities

1.3 ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007: RATIONALE FOR THE SMART GRID

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) signed into law by President George W. Bush vividly depicts a smart grid that can predict, adapt, and reconfigure itself efficiently and reliably. The objective of the modernization of the U.S. grid as outlined in the Act is to maintain a reliable and secure electricity [2] infrastructure that will meet future demand growth. Figure 1.1 illustrates the features needed to facilitate the development of an energy-efficient, reliable system.

Figure 1.1. Rationale for the smart grid.

The Act established a Smart Grid Task Force, whose mission is “to insure awareness, coordination and integration of the diverse activities of the DoE Office and elsewhere in the Federal Government related to smart-grid technologies and practices” [1]. The task force’s activities include research and development; development of widely accepted standards and protocols; the relationship of smart grid technologies and practices to electric utility regulation; the relationship of smart grid technologies and practices to infrastructure development, system reliability, and security; and the relationship of smart grid technologies and practices to other facets of electricity supply, demand, transmission, distribution, and policy. In response to the legislation, the U.S. research and education community is actively engaged in:

1. Smart grid research and development program

2. Development of widely accepted smart grid standards and protection

3. Development of infrastructure to enable smart grid deployment

4. Certainty of system reliability and security

5. Policy and motivation to encourage smart grid technology support for generation, transmission and distribution

As Figure 1.2 shows, there are five key aspects of smart grid development and deployment.

Figure 1.2. Five key aspects of smart grid development.

1.4 COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Computational intelligence is the term used to describe the advanced analytical tools needed to optimize the bulk power network. The toolbox will include heuristic, evolution programming, decision support tools, and adaptive optimization techniques.

1.5 POWER SYSTEM ENHANCEMENT

Policy-makers assume that greatly expanded use of renewable energy [4,5] resources in the United States will help to offset the impacts of carbon emissions from thermal and fossil energy, meet demand uncertainty, and to some extent, increase reliability of delivery.

1.6 COMMUNICATION AND STANDARDS

Since planning horizons can be short as an hour ahead, the smart grid’s advanced automations will generate vast amounts of operational data in a rapid decision-making environment. New algorithms will help it become adaptive and capable of predicting with foresight. In turn, new rules will be needed for managing, operating, and marketing networks.

1.7 ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMICS

Based on these desired features, an assessment of the differences in the characteristics of the present power grid and the proposed smart grid is needed to highlight characteristics of the grid and the challenges. When fully developed the smart grid system will allow customer involvement, enhance generation and transmission with tools to allow minimization of system vulnerability, resiliency, reliability, adequacy and power quality. The training tools and capacity development to manage and operate the grids and hence crate new job opportunities is part of the desired goals of the smart grid evolution which will be tested using test-bed. To achieve the rapid deployment of the grids test bed and research centers need to work across disciplines to build the first generation of smart grid.

By focusing on security controls rather than individual vulnerabilities and threats, utility companies and smart-grid technology vendors can remediate the root causes that lead to vulnerabilities. However, security controls are more difficult and sometimes impossible to add to an existing system, and ideally should be integrated from the beginning to minimize implementation issues. The operating effectiveness of the implemented security controls-base will be assessed routinely to protect the smart grid against evolving threats.

1.8 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK

This book is organized into 10 chapters. Following this chapter’s introduction, Chapter 2 presents the smart grid concept, fundamentals, working definitions, and system architecture. Chapter 3 describes the tools using load flow concepts, optimal power flows, and contingencies and Chapter 4 describes those using voltage stability, angle stability, and state estimation. Chapter 5 evaluates the computational intelligence approach as a feature of the smart grid. Chapter 6 explains the pathways design of the smart grid using general purpose dynamic stochastic optimization. Chapter 7 reviews renewable supply and the related issues of variability and probability distribution functions, followed by a discussion of storage technologies, capabilities, and configurations. Demand side managemen (DSM) and demand response, climate change, and tax credits are highlighted for the purpose of evaluating the economic and environmental benefit of renewable energy sources. Chapter 8 discusses the importance of developing national standards, followed by a discussion of interoperability such that the new technologies can easily be adapted to the legacy system without violating operational constraints. The chapter also discusses cyber security to protect both RER and communication infrastructure. Chapter 9 explains the significant research and employment training for attaining full performance and economic benefits of the new technology. Chapter 10 discusses case studies on smart grid development and testbeds to aid deployment. The chapter outlines the grand challenges facing researchers and policy-makers before the smart grid can be fully deployed, and calls for investment and multidisciplinary collaboration. Figure 1.3 is a schematic of the chapters.

Figure 1.3. Schematic of chapters.

1.9 GENERAL VIEW OF THE SMART GRID MARKET DRIVERS

To improve efficiency and reliability, several market drivers and new opportunities suggest that the smart grid must:

1. Satisfy the need for increased integration of digital systems for increased efficiency of the power system. In t...