Studies in Viral Ecology, Volume 1

Microbial and Botanical Host Systems

Christon J. Hurst, Christon J. Hurst

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2011
• ISBN:
  9781118025659
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Ciencias biológicas
• Subtopic: Microbiología

This book explains the ecology of viruses by examining their interactive dynamics with their hosting species (in this volume, in microbes and plants), including the types of transmission cycles that viruses have evolved encompassing principal and alternate hosts, vehicles, and vectoring species. Examining virology from an organismal biology approach and focusing on the concept that viral infections represent areas of overlap in the ecologies of the involved species, Viral Ecology is essential for students and professionals who either may be non-virologists or virologists whose previous familiarity has been very specialized.

Copyright © 2011 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Studies in viral ecology / edited by Christon J. Hurst.

v. cm.

Includes index.

Contents: v.1. Microbial and Botanical Host Systems (ISBN 978-0-470-62396-1)

– v.2. Animal Host Systems (ISBN 978-0-470-62429-6).

ISBN (set) 978-1-118-02458-4 (cloth)

1. Viruses–Ecology. I. Hurst, Christon J.

QR478.A1S78 2011

579.2–dc22

2010046370

oBook ISBN: 978-1-118-02566-6

ePDF ISBN: 978-1-118-02564-2

ePub ISBN: 978-1-118-02565-9

Dedication

I dedicate these two volumes to the memory of my brother in spirit, Henry Hanssen. To me, he seemed a hero and I remember him most for his unfailing ability to present a sense of humanity in times of tragedy. We first met while studying together for our doctorates in Houston, Texas.

Henry was born in Colombia near Medellín and tragically orphaned as a young child after which he was lovingly raised by an aunt in Bogotá. Henry may have gained his tremendous sense of humanity from that experience. He had no biological children of his own but helped to raise two daughters. The first of those came into his life by a twist of luck while one day Henry was walking along a street in Colombia and heard what he thought might be a cat trapped inside of a garbage bin. Henry went over to free the cat and discovered instead a crying infant child in a plastic bag, presumably discarded there by a distraught mother. Henry took the baby to the police, and when no one stepped forward as a parent Henry adopted the child and eventually even helped to pay for her college tuition. The second daughter came through Henry's marriage to the love of his life.

When there arose need for representing humanity, Henry was undaunted by circumstance. His accomplishments included establishing an infant vaccination program against poliomyelitis in Angola at the personal request of Jonas Salk. Angola was in a state of civil war at that time and no one else was willing to undertake the necessary but frightening task. Henry showed equal humanitarianism to civilians and military on both sides of that conflict. Subsequently, Henry initiated a similar poliomyelitis vaccination program during a period of civil war in Central America and for his efforts was awarded honorary citizenship by one of the countries there. He then initiated a poliomyelitis vaccination program in his native Colombia, while that country's continuing civil war was in full strength.

I was proud to address Henry by the name of “brother” and always will think of him in that way. He addressed me by that same term of affection and he is lovingly remembered by everyone whom his life touched.

Henry Hanssen Villamizar (1945–2007)

Preface

Virology is a field of study which has grown and expanded greatly since the viruses as a group first received their name in 1898. Many of the people who presently are learning virology have come to perceive these acellular biological entities as being merely trinkets of nucleic acid to be cloned, probed, and spliced. However, the viruses are much more than merely trinkets to be played with in molecular biology laboratories. The viruses are indeed highly evolved biological entities with an organismal biology that is complex and interwoven with the biology of their hosting species. Ecology is defined as the branch of science which addresses the relationships between an organism of interest and the other organisms with which it interacts, the interactions between the organism of interest and its environment, and the geographical distribution of the organism of interest.

The purpose of this book is to help define and explain the ecology of viruses, i.e., to examine what life might seem like from a “virocentric” point of view, as opposed to our normal “anthropocentric” perspective. As we begin our examination of the virocentric life, it is important to realize that in nature both the viruses of macroorganisms and the viruses of microorganisms exist in cycles with their respective hosts. Under normal conditions, the impact of viruses upon their natural host populations may be barely apparent due to factors such as evolutionary coadaptation between the virus and those natural hosts. However, when viruses find access to new types of hosts and alternate transmission cycles, or when they encounter a concentrated population of susceptible genetically similar hosts such as occurs in densely populated human communities, communities of cultivated plants or animals, or algal blooms, then the impact of the virus upon its host population can appear catastrophic. The key to understanding these types of cycles lies in understanding the viruses and how their ecology relates to the ecology of their hosts, their alternate hosts, and any vectors which they utilize, as well as their relationship to the availability of suitable vehicles that can transport the different viral groups.

I hope that you will enjoy the information presented in this book set as much as I and the other authors have enjoyed presenting it to you. The written word is a marvelous thing, able to convey understanding and enthusiasm across unimaginable distances and through time.

Christon J. Hurstbr
Cincinnati, Ohio

Contributors

Michael J. Allen, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Francesco Di Serio, Istituto di Virologia Vegetale (CNR), Bari, Italy

Nuria Duran-Vila, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain

Claude M. Fauquet, ILTAB/Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO

Ricardo Flores, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain

Bradley I. Hillman, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ

Christon J. Hurst, Departments of Biology and Music, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH; Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez, Santiago de Cali, Valle, Colombia

William Kress, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Lauren D. McDaniel, USF College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL

Michael G. Milgroom, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Beatriz Navarro, Istituto di Virologia Vegetale (CNR), Bari, Italy

Debi P. Nayak, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA

Robert A. Owens, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (USDA), Beltsville, MD

Basavaprabhu L. Patil, ILTAB/Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO

Eric Sakowski, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE

Declan C. Schroeder, Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Reed B. Wickner, Laboratory of Biochemist...